Who was Champlain? His Family and Early Life
Texte de la conférence présentée par Conrad E. Heindenreich à Métis-sur-Mer le 8 août 2008.
Who was Champlain?
His Family and Early Life.[1]
(Métis sur mer; August 8, 2008)
Conrad E. Heidenreich
Champlain near Métis-sur-mer.
-When Champlain came to Canada for the first time in 1603, he sailed past Métis sur Mer on May 24, on his way to Tadoussac.
-He sailed again past Métis on July 12 on his way from Tadoussac to Isle Percé.
-From Percé he returned to Tadoussac along the north shore of the St. Lawrence.
-Then on August 16, 1603, coming from Tadoussac, he sailed past Métis on his way back to France.
Introduction
Today I would like to outline the little we know about Champlain’s origin, his family, those who influenced him, his training, and briefly, his rise through the ranks from a fourrier in 1595, in the maison du roy (king’s household), to become lieutenant governor of New France to Cardinal Richelieu in 1628. Having reviewed the facts pertaining to his life, I would like to leave you with some observations that are central to understanding his life; and finally a question about his origin – Who Was He? It is a question I cannot answer, except in the form of a speculative hypothesis, based on a tiny hint given by Champlain in one of his books.
Who was Champlain?
There can’t be many people who have made such an indelible imprint on the imagination and history of Canada as Samuel de Champlain, about whom so little personal information is known. Even though he wrote four substantial books about his activities, comprising 1308 printed pages, 5 folding maps, 22 small maps and 14 illustrations, he never mentioned the date of his birth, his parents, his education, his early life, his career in Henry IV’s household and army or anything personal of any consequence. Not once did he record the name of his wife, Hélène Boullé, to whom he was married for twenty-five years except to refer to her on a couple of occasions as ma famille. My colleague Dr. Janet Ritch tells me that this is not unusual for a French writer of this period, nevertheless I find it so. The little that is known about his wider family comes from a few manuscript legal records. Unfortunately this meagre record cannot be expanded very far because the early parish records of Brouage no longer exist.
Champlain wrote that he was born at Brouage in the province of Saintonge (now Charente-Maritime), France. His birth date has been estimated as sometime between 1567 and 1580. He died at Québec, Canada, on December 25, 1635, after suffering a severe stroke early in October of that year. The earliest and most often quoted date of his birth is given as 1567. Unfortunately this date cannot be corroborated. Instead, biographers have adopted a neutral “circa 1570,� until recently when the issue was raised again with an estimate that Champlain was born “circa 1580.� I think however, that a birth date in the mid 1570s is more realistic in view of Champlain’s activities and responsibilities by the mid 1590s.
There has been much speculation on whether Champlain was born a Huguenot. In every existing document in which he is mentioned, or mentions himself, he appears as a convinced and dedicated Catholic. His birth in Brouage, probably in the mid 1570s when it was Huguenot, and his first name Samuel, a Protestant name, may mean something but there were also Catholics living in Brouage during the years it was Huguenot and Huguenots in the years it was Catholic. As for his given name, Samuel, there are at least two Catholic Saint Samuels. Although mainly used by Huguenots, the name Samuel could have been an acceptable name to some Catholics, perhaps signifying a birth date on the feast day of the Saint. Of the men to whom Champlain was responsible early in his Canadian career; Aymar de Chaste and Du Pont Gravé were Catholics while Pierre Du Gua de Mons was a Huguenot. All three had been early supporters of Henri IV, who was born a Huguenot in 1553 and switched to Catholicism forty years later (1593), demonstrating that religion did not matter as much as complete loyalty to the king. On December 17, 1610, Champlain married a Huguenot from a Huguenot family, the twelve year old Hélène Boullé. Since the marriage could not be consummated until she was of age, Hélène took instruction, albeit reluctantly, and converted to Catholicism by the time she was fourteen. It is likely that this was an arranged marriage. She fled (in 1613) when she came of age and had to be apprehended. The only known relative of Champlain’s who was a Huguenot, but only early in his career, when it was politic, was his uncle by marriage, Guillaume Allene. Champlain’s birth during the 1570s when Brouage was Huguenot, his given name Samuel, his marriage into a Huguenot family are all suggestive of a Huguenot origin. If he was baptized a Huguenot in Brouage it may have been between 1572 and 1577, the only years that a Protestant pastor, Nicolas Folion (dit La Vallée), lived in the town.
Champlain always signed himself Champlain on any documents he authored or witnessed. He never attached his given name Samuel or any of his titles to his signature much like the royalty of his times, Henri or Louis, and wrote it at least twice the size of the writing on a page or any other signatures. It is the bold signature of a confident man. On documents authored by others his name is sometimes spelled Champellain or some variant in spelling, which may be variants in the pronunciation of the name. Searches through French genealogies of this period have not produced any other people named Champlain, showing at the very least that the name was uncommon. I would not be surprised if some day we found out that he changed his name early in his career. It may not mean much but the very first record in which he is mentioned, the 1595 account books for the army in Brittany, he is named both Samuel de Champlain and Sieur Champlain. In other words the particule de and the title sieur were used by his superior officers to authorise and register his pay.
Champlain’s parents were Anthoine de Champlain, cappitaine de la marine, deceased before Champlain’s marriage to Hélène in 1610, and dame Margueritte le Roy, still living in 1610, but not listed among the family and friends at the wedding. The only other reference to Champlain’s father is the sale of a half share in a small 30 tun ship Jeanne, in 1573, at Brouage by Anthoyne Chappelin (Anthine Chappelain), pilotte de navyres, demeurant à Jacopolis sur Brouage. It appears therefore that Champlain’s father was a pilot of ships in the harbour of Brouage as well as a captain in the navy. In a town like Brouage, which was so dependent on its harbour, the Champlain’s must have been a very respectable family. He was definitely not the son of poor fisher folk as some writers have made him out to be. We know nothing more about the father or his origins. In 1610, Champlain’s mother was listed as dame, probably meaning madame, lady or wife of a gentleman rather than the wife of a noble. Although Champlain appears not to have had any siblings,[2] he had a first cousin, Marie Camaret.[3] Two documents state that she was the daughter of George Camaret, a capitaine, and Françoise Le Roy, a sister of Champlain’s mother. We know nothing more about the Le Roy family except that there was a third sister, of unknown name, married to Guillaume Allene.
Champlain had at least three men who seem to have had some influence on him in his youth; his uncle Guillaume Allene, the geographer/engineer Charles Leber sieur du Carlo and a bit later in his life, François Gravé Du Pont. We know nothing about Champlain’s relationship to his father, if any, because he never mentioned him, nor did anyone else. We must assume however, that in view of the father’s position of cappitaine and pilotte something of that must have rubbed off on his son.
Champlain’s uncle by marriage, Guillaume Allene, also known as le Capitaine Provençal, is one relative of Champlain’s about whom some information is available. In Spanish documents he is called Guillermo Elena or Capitán Provenzano. A native of Marseille, son of Anthoine Allenne and Gassin Andriou, Guillaume married Guillemette Gousse daughter of Nycolas Gousse and Collette François, in La Rochelle on November 17, 1563. At the time of their marriage, Allene was a master pilot (maistre pilote) and both he and his wife were Huguenot. Through the 1560s and 1570s he was listed as a marchand et bourgeois in La Rochelle, participating on voyages along the coast of Africa, South America and to Newfoundland. In 1569 he received a commission (lettres de marque)[4]from the Huguenot Queen of Navarre, Jeanne d’Albert, mother of Henri IV, while she and her son were in La Rochelle seeking refuge from the Catholic army, to sail as a corsair out of La Rochelle against Spanish and Dutch shipping. In 1579 Allene and his wife still lived in La Rochelle but in 1584 he is listed as a captain in the navy living in Brouage. There is no longer any mention of his wife Guillemette. When Allene revised parts of his will[5] in 1601, making substantial gifts (donación) through a codicil, to Champlain including a property near La Rochelle, he wrote that he did this in part “…for the love that I bear him, on account of having been married to an aunt of the aforesaid [Champlain], a sister of his mother…� This aunt could not have been Guillemette Gousse of La Rochelle but must have been from the Le Roy family in Brouage. This implies that Guillemette was probably deceased by 1584 and Allene married again. It seems therefore that Margueritte Le Roy, Champlain’s mother, had at least two sisters, Françoise Le Roy mother of Marie Camaret, and Allene’s wife. It is probable that Allene and Champlain’s father Anthoine knew each other; both were trained as pilots and naval captains and both operated out of the small port of Brouage. Perhaps it was Anthoine who introduced Guillaume Allene to one of his sisters-in-law. By the time Allene turned up in Brouage, the town was Catholic again and in order to live there he may have undergone conversion as perhaps did the Champlain family. We know little more about Allene until 1597-8.
Another person who had contact with Allene and the Champlain family was Charles Leber, sieur du Carlo, ingénieur et géographe ordinaire du Roy, et sargeant major en Brouage. Like other 16th to early 17th citizens of Brouage Charles Leber remains a shadowy person due to the paucity of documents regarding the town. His manuscript maps of the coast of France from Cherbourg to the northern coast of Spain (c. 1625), l’île de Ré (c. 1625), Brouage (c. 1627) and La Rochelle (c. 1628) show that he was an excellent surveyor and a fine cartographer. What is interesting is that the cartographic style of these maps is startlingly similar to Champlain’s only surviving manuscript map descripsion des costs p[or]ts rades Illes de la nouuelle france…1607, suggesting the notion that Champlain and Leber were at the same school and took lessons from the same teacher. By 1625 Leber was living in Paris, when on December 29, Champlain made Charles Leber, sieur du Carlo a gift, un donnation, not “sold� as some writers have stated, of Allene’s estate near La Rochelle: “… for the good and true, natural love which the said sieur de Champlain has always born and still bears for the said sieur du Carlot, and also that such is his good pleasure and will to do thus…� Charles Leber accepted this gift on February 25, 1626. This was an enormously generous gift by Champlain, suggesting that he had a longstanding special relationship to Leber and that Allene and Leber were probably friends. A month later on March 23, Champlain sold Leber the house he had inherited through the Le Roy family. Leber died in 1629, leaving two enfants mineurs which suggests to me that he could not have been Champlain’s teacher, as some have suggested, who was given Allene’s estate as a gift from a grateful student. It is more likely that Champlain and Leber were contemporaries and friends, both being in their early fifties by 1629.
In 1604, Champlain began a correspondence with another géographe du Roy, Guillaume de Nautonier, author of a treatise on the earth’s magnetic field and a theory for determining longitude by observations of magnetic declination and latitude. One cannot help but wonder if Charles Leber was the link between the two. Champlain used de Nautonier’s theoretical work and sent him observations of magnetic declination as early as 1604 from Acadia for which de Nautonier was grateful and hoping “…that on his [Champlain’s] return, he will bring us a full account of that region, as he is extremely capable.�
Early in 1603, Champlain met François Gravé Du Pont, veteran of several voyages to Canada, who was to command Aymar de Chaste’s ship the Bonne-Renommé on the voyage to explore the St. Lawrence River. Over succeeding years the two became good friends to the point where Champlain declared in 1618 that: “I was his friend, and his years would lead me to respect him as I would my father.�[6] There is little doubt Champlain learned a great deal from Gravé, especially coastal navigation, Native relations and trade. He became a trusted confidant, one of the few from whom Champlain sought advice.
There is every reason to suspect that Champlain did not have much formal schooling, certainly not in what is called a classical education. His written French was serviceable but not “schooled.� A common complaint of the Champlain Society translation made between 1908 and 1936, was that it made “Champlain a better writer in English than he was in French.� His writing was without the classical allusions common to his time in the writings of educated people. After spending two and a half years in the company of Spaniards in the West Indies, and some time in Spain looking after the affairs of his uncle, it is certain that he spoke Spanish. His later writings on mapping and navigation show that he learned mainly by observation and doing. He used simple surveying techniques and none of his writings demonstrate that he had any training in basic geometry let alone new mathematical developments used in navigation and surveying such as trigonometry. He appears to have had little rigorous schooling in any of these subjects. In fact he wrote late in life that he had learned navigation, instrumental observations, etc.: “…both by experience and by the teaching of many good navigators, as well as through the special pleasure I have derived from the perusal of books on this subject…� In other words, he learned by observing, doing and reading rather than specialized schooling.
The suggestion has been made that Champlain may have attended an “academy� in Brouage where he could have acquired his surveying and cartographic skills.[7] This academy is described in some detail by the Swiss medical student and traveller Thomas Platter (1574-1628) from a visit to Brouage between May five and six, 1599.[8]This academy only admitted sons of noble and well-born men (vom adell unndt wollgebornen Jungen) who were between the ages of 14 and 20. Training consisted of knightly pursuits (ritterspilen), such as riding and jumping horses, dancing, fencing and playing the mandolin. Right after breakfast they learned surveying and how to lay out the ground plans of fortresses and fortifications.[9] Once the food was digested, the students, or disciples (disciple) as Platter calls them, partook in physically more rigorous training especially horsemanship. Normally the programme was two years, but students could shorten or lengthen their course of study depending on their aptitude. Of the students, the most distinguished and accomplished horsemen, fencers, dancers etc. were paid to teach the others. The head master (rector, modern: Rektor), a distinguished older man from the nobility,[10] was paid by the king but also received additional funding from each student. Graduates were suitable for careers in the army or service with a lord. In academies of this kind, it is likely the rector would make recommendations and look after placements for his better students.
There were other academies like this one in France but they also taught more scholarly subjects.[11] Academic studies at Brouage apparently went into a great decline (mechtigen großen abgang) due to the long wars, to the point that the students were ashamed to utter Latin, because if they did so they would be contemptuously called priests.[12]
It is tempting to link Leber and Champlain to this academy. It would explain much about their later careers. Champlain would have been acceptable to the school. He came from a respectable family, prominent in Brouage, and showed an aptitude for surveying and drafting. The lack of polish and absence of classicisms in his written French would be a reflection of the academy’s curriculum. Upon graduation he was qualified and probably recommended to become a fourrier and aide to the maréshal des logis Jean Hardy in the maison du Roy where he was required to draft route maps and plans for fortified camps. We know from Champlain’s plan of Québec that he understood basic principles of fortification.[13] Charles Leber, was probably the more studious of the two judging from his maps and other areas of qualification, ingénieur et géographe ordinaire du Roy, et sargeant major en Brouage. He may have taught at the academy for a while, and then went on to become an engineer, geographer and sergeant major in the army. If this is so, it is probable that Lebert took longer to graduate, and/or acquired more training at a later date as well as spending many years in the field surveying the French coast-line. This would account for his late output of maps (1625-1629).
In his dedicatory letter to Marie de Medici, widow of Henri IV and mother of Louis XIII, Champlain wrote that it was the art of navigation that had “…drawn me to love it from a tender age and which, for almost my entire life, has stirred me to venture out upon the turbulent waves of the ocean…� While this is entirely possible, we know nothing of his early youth. The first evidence we have of Champlain on a ship, is when he left Blavet (Port Louis) for Cádiz in 1598 on the Saint-Julian commanded by his uncle Guillaume Allene. Prior to that year, in 1595, when he first surfaces in the documentary record during the religious wars in Brittany, he served[14] in the land based army of Henri IV as a fourrier and aide to Sieur Jean Hardy, maréchal de logis du Roy of the maison du Roy. He was not in the fighting forces, nor did he fight at the battle of Crozon (Brest) in 1594, against Spain, as some have written. He also ran confidential messages between the king and maréchal Jean d’Aumont who was in charge of the Brittany campaign. As a young man therefore, he had personal contact with the two most senior officers in Henri’s Brittany army, the maréchal Jean d’Aumont and the maréchal de logis Jean Hardy. For the position of fourrierhe was required to have basic skills in surveying and mapping rather than navigation. There is no question that he had such surveying skills and that he learned those in France. Not so his knowledge of navigation which was Spanish, judging from the texts he used and his consistent use of the Spanish marine league. There is no evidence that Champlain achieved the rank of maréchal de logis as stated in the manuscript Brief discourswhich has been attributed to him. Nor is there any evidence that he was ever a pilot, captain or navigator on a ship of any consequence. In fact he never made any claim that he had held any of these positions, only his later biographers did that. His titles capitaine ordinaire, and after 1625, Captaine pour le Roy en la marine, were more honorific than hands-on. A capitaine ordinaire for example, could only take command of a ship in the absence of qualified officers.
We are now getting to the central question I hinted at earlier:
In Les Voyages, 1632 Champlain makes a curious statement about his birth that is difficult to explain. When asked by Aymar de Chaste in early 1603 if he would like to join the expedition to the St. Lawrence, Champlain replied that: “…of myself to take the liberty of going on this voyage I could not do so, but by the command of his said Majesty, to whom I was under an obligation both by birth (de naissance) and by a pension with which he honoured me as a means to maintain me near him.�[15] Aymar de Chaste made the request to the king on Champlain’s behalf, and the request was granted by Henri through a letter issued by his Secretary of State, Louis Potier de Gesvre, on the condition that Champlain give Henri a full report on his return. We do not know when this pension was assigned, or for what reason, but what it indicates is that he was personally known to the king, that the king trusted him, found him reliable and valued his services. Some writers have assumed that the pension was awarded by the monarch for Champlain’s report on the Spanish West Indies after his return in 1601, but there is no proof for this. What is even less clear is what Champlain meant by writing that he was obliged to the king by birth (de naissance). If the words de naissance are taken literally it seems that Champlain is suggesting he is somehow related to the Bourbon monarch; but in what way? His mother’s maiden name Le Roy may be suggestive but we know nothing of her family. I think what is clear is that the pension to maintain him near the king and the obligation he felt to the king through his birth are related. If Champlain had a family connection to the Bourbon monarchy, is this why he was attached to the maison du Roy by 1595 when he is first mentioned in a document? Was Champlain related to the Bourbon monarchy and given a pension, like some other relatives, to maintain him in the maison du Roy? Given the fact that in all his writings Champlain makes no specific comments about his origin except this one, such a suggestion is startling to say the least. In the absence of any concrete evidence it seems pointless to take this notion any further. However, if it were true, many questions about his future career and his relationship to his superiors would be answered.
Let’s briefly look at these questions:
-How did Champlain wind up in the king’s household as a fourrier?
-Why did this fourrier run confidential messages between the king and his most senior marechal, when this is not part of a fourrier’s job?
-How did Champlain get to know so many influential people?
-Why did he feel obliged to ask the king for permission to travel to Canada in 1603 and again in 1604?
-Why was this permission issued formally in writing by, of all people, the busy Secretary of State?
-Why did he report promptly and personally to the king each time he returned to France from an overseas voyage (1601 or 1602, 1603, 1607 and 1609)?
-At a time when connections to the court meant everything to a successful career, how could Champlain, if he was a mere commoner from one of the outer provinces with no apparent connections to nobility, have risen through the ranks to become de facto governor of New France? Where his natural abilities that remarkable? He served as a lieutenant to a lieutenant general (du Gua de Mons, 1608-12), as lieutenant to five viceroys (Comte de Soissons, 1612-13; Prince de Condé, 1613-19; Condé and Marquis de Thémines, 1619-20; Duc de Montmorency, 1620-25; Duc de Ventadour, 1625-28) and finished his career as lieutenant general to Cardinal Richelieu (1628-35), the most powerful person in France after the king. There is no evidence that Champlain was ennobled. Moreover, none of these men were in the habit of having themselves represented by commoners. We have no answers to these and other question relating to Champlain, his family, his acquaintances and his career, but they would all be answered if he was somehow connected by birth to the Bourbon monarchy.
[1] This lecture is based on parts of a book by Conrad E. Heidenreich and K. Janet Ritch soon to by published by The Champlain Society, provisionally entitled: The Works of Samuel de Champlain: Des Sauvages and other Documents Related to the Period before 1604.
[2] With regard to a house he inherited from his mother in Brouage he is listed in a 1619 document as … filz et herittier seul de deffuncte Margueritte Le Roy sa mere…(“…son and only inheritor of the deceased Margueritte Le Roy his mother…�).
[3] She lived in Paris in 1619 with her husband Jacques Hersan, at the time a picqueur [piqueur] des chiens de la Chamber du Roy. A piqueur is a “pack huntsman� called a “whipper-in� in Britain. He handled a pack of dogs for the master huntsman by keeping them on the scent during the hunt and in bringing down the quarry. By 1637 he is listed as “Controller of foreign and crown trade for La Rochelle.�
[4] A warrant (commission) given by national authorities to a private citizens (hence privateer) to arm a ship for the purpose of capturing and plundering enemy merchant ships in time of war.
[5] The original will was made at Quimper in 1597. The codicil giving the property “near La Rochelle� to Champlain was dated June 26, 1601 in Cadiz, signed by Allene, Champlain and others.
[6] Gravé was christened on November 27, 1560, making him roughly 15 years older than Champlain if he was born about the mid 1570s. Although somewhat arbitrary, an age difference of 15 years between the two men was probably enough for one to call the other a “father.�
[7] Fiquet, Nathalie. 2004. “Brouage in the Time of Champlain: A new Town Open to the World.� In: Raymonde Litalien and Denis Vaugeois, eds., Champlain: The Birth of French America. Montréal: McGill/Queen’s University et Les éditions du Septentrion, 37-9.
[8] Keiser, Rut, ed. 1968. Thomas Platter D. J.: Beschreibung der Reisen durch Frankreich, Spanien, England und die Niederlande, 1595-1600. Basel: Schwabe & Co, 451-4. The volumes are written in the German of Platter’s times before spelling was standardized.
[9] Nach dem essen gleich lehrnet man sie meßen, vestungen in grundt legen oder fortificieren, Ibid. 452. Meßen or messen is measuring, mensuration, surveying. Here surveying is meant because the word is used to describe the act of laying out fortresses and fortifications. Ibid. 452.
[10] “…ein stattlicher alter vom adel…� Ibid.
[11] There were other academies like the one in Brouage in places like Paris and Orleans. Ibid. 453.
[12] …sagen gleich, es seye einer ein pfaff, so er latein redet…Ibid. The word Pfaffe is used in a contemptuous manner to denote a priest (Priester).
[13] For example, on his plan of Québec he wrote that he had constructed platforms in the style of tenailles for the placing of the canon. Biggar, The Works, II: 39 (symbol N). The term tenailles is also used in English. Muller, John. 1746. A Treatise Containing the Elemetary Part Of Fortification, Regular and Irregular. London : J. Nourse, 33-4.
[14] He used the words employé(employed) and seruy (to serve).
[15] “…que pour me licencier de moyesme à entrprendre ce voyage, ie ne le pouuois faire sans le Commandement de sadite Majesté, à laquelle I’estois oblige tant de naissance, que d’une pension de laquelle elle m’honoroit, pour avoir moyen de m’entretenir prés d’elle;� Biggar, The Works, III: 315.
