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      <title>Les dossiers du Septentrion</title>
      <link>http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/</link>
      <description></description>
      <language>fr</language>
      <copyright>Copyright 2009</copyright>
      <lastBuildDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2009 12:09:10 -0500</lastBuildDate>
      <generator>http://www.sixapart.com/movabletype/?v=3.2</generator>
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            <item>
         <title>Les rÃ©fugiÃ©s acadiens en France</title>
         <description><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/catalogue/livre.asp?id=2510"><img src="http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/L97828944851321.jpg" width="150" height="225" alt="L97828944851321.jpg" style="float:left; padding-right:10px;" /></a>En mars 2009, Jean-FranÃ§ois Mouhot publiait <a href="http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/catalogue/livre.asp?id=2510">Les RÃ©fugiÃ©s acadiens en France (1758-1785) : l'Impossible rÃ©intÃ©gration ?</a> Afin d'Ã©tudier ce trÃ¨s intÃ©ressant phÃ©nomÃ¨ne, il a mis sur pieds une fantastique <a href="http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/acadiens">base documentaire</a> sur ce sujet, disponible en <a href="http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/acadiens">suivant ce lien</a>.</p>
]]></description>
         <link>http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2009/07/les_refugies_acadiens_en_franc.php</link>
         <guid>http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2009/07/les_refugies_acadiens_en_franc.php</guid>
         <category></category>
         <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2009 12:09:10 -0500</pubDate>
      </item>
            <item>
         <title>De La Mesure d&apos;un continent</title>
         <description><![CDATA[<p>Voici un texte prÃ©parÃ© pour la revue du mois d'aoÃ»t 2007 de BAnQ, <em>Ã€ Rayons ouverts</em>.</p>

<p><br />
<strong>1- La genÃ¨se de lâ€™ouvrage.</strong></p>

<p>Lâ€™Ã©quipe du journal <em>BorÃ©al Express</em> a toujours rÃªvÃ© de produire un atlas historique de lâ€™AmÃ©rique du Nord. Au moment de la fondation des Ã©ditions du Septentrion, par quelques-uns des pionniers du BorÃ©al, lâ€™idÃ©e Ã©tait toujours vivante et elle a inspirÃ© le choix du nom Septentrion et du logo, la rose des vents, laquelle marque le nord, câ€™est-Ã -dire le septentrion, sur les cartes anciennes.<br />
	<br />
Il a fallu vingt ans de recherches et dâ€™accumulations de documents pour en arriver Ã  lâ€™ouvrage actuel. Celui-ci permet de souligner les 20 ans de la maison dâ€™Ã©dition du Septentrion et les 400 ans de la ville de QuÃ©bec qui fut, un temps, destinÃ©e Ã  devenir la capitale dâ€™un empire qui sâ€™Ã©tendait jusquâ€™aux confins de lâ€™AmÃ©rique du Nord. MÃªme si le destin en a dÃ©cidÃ© autrement, QuÃ©bec est Ã  lâ€™origine dâ€™une trentaine dâ€™Ã‰tats et de provinces qui forment les Ã‰tats-Unis et le Canada.</p>

<p><strong>2- Lâ€™apport spÃ©cifique.</strong></p>

<p>Comme on le constate en parcourant les sources mentionnÃ©es dans lâ€™ouvrage, il existe peu dâ€™Ã©tudes sur les explorations de lâ€™AmÃ©rique du Nord. Le plus intÃ©ressant, et sans doute lâ€™un des plus importants, a Ã©tÃ© publiÃ© en 1974 par Paul Elek sous les signatures de W. P. Cumming, S. E. Hillier, D. B. Quinn et G. Williams et sâ€™intitule The Explorations of North America 1630-1776. Cet ouvrage faisait suite en quelque sorte Ã  The Discovery of North America qui a Ã©tÃ© traduit en franÃ§ais sous le titre La DÃ©couverte de lâ€™AmÃ©rique du Nord (Albin Michel, 1972). Raymonde Litalien a pour sa part publiÃ© en 1993 Les Explorateurs de lâ€™AmÃ©rique du Nord, 1492-1795 (Septentrion). Cet essai en est Ã  sa 4e rÃ©Ã©dition.</p>

<p>Le choix des dates de ces ouvrages, qui sâ€™arrÃªtent lâ€™un en 1776 et lâ€™autre en 1795, montre que lâ€™approche est diffÃ©rente de celle qui a Ã©tÃ© prise par les auteurs de La Mesure dâ€™un continent. En effet, cette fois le fil conducteur est nettement la recherche dâ€™un passage vers lâ€™Asie. Lâ€™ouvrage sâ€™arrÃªte avec le bilan des grandes expÃ©ditions qui ont atteint le Pacifique, celles de Mackenzie, Lewis et Clark, Hunt et Thompson.<br />
	<br />
Enfin, croyons-nous, aucun ouvrage nâ€™a reproduit, en grand format, autant de cartes de lâ€™AmÃ©rique du Nord antÃ©rieures Ã  1814. </p>

<p><strong>3- Principales sources documentaires.</strong></p>

<p>Au cours des ans, la recherche mâ€™a conduit dans chacune des institutions dâ€™oÃ¹ proviennent les cartes reproduites dans cet ouvrage. <br />
	<br />
La documentation est extrÃªmement dispersÃ©e et, il faut bien le dire, les cartes ont longtemps Ã©tÃ© nÃ©gligÃ©es. Plusieurs dâ€™entre elles ont Ã©tÃ© photographiÃ©es et numÃ©risÃ©es pour la premiÃ¨re fois Ã  la suite de nos demandes. Or, nous nâ€™avons retenu quâ€™une faible proportion de toutes les cartes examinÃ©es et rÃ©unies depuis les dÃ©buts de nos travaux qui sont antÃ©rieurs Ã  lâ€™arrivÃ©e de la numÃ©risation. Ceci est vrai Ã©galement pour nombre dâ€™illustrations. Ã€ titre dâ€™exemple, retenons cette peau de bison qui fait aujourdâ€™hui la fiertÃ© du MusÃ©e du quai Branly.<br />
	<br />
Pour les textes, la documentation est Ã  la fois constituÃ©e de sources premiÃ¨res, tels les journaux de voyage, les rapports et la correspondance, ou de travaux rÃ©cents qui font Ã©voluer lâ€™historiographie. Comme toutes les sciences, lâ€™histoire se renouvelle constamment. Ainsi, les Indiens retiennent davantage lâ€™attention, leur contribution aux explorations est mieux connue et reconnue et le drame des Ã©pidÃ©mies davantage compris et admis.</p>

<p><strong>4-	Les critÃ¨res dans le choix des documents.</strong></p>

<p>Pour les cartes, le choix repose sur la richesse de lâ€™information, la clartÃ© et la beautÃ©. Lâ€™objectif Ã©tait aussi de faire connaÃ®tre ou dÃ©couvrir des cartes peu ou mal connues. Dans dâ€™autres cas, il y a des cartes incontournables comme celles de Cantino, Juan de la Cosa ou WaldseemÃ¼ller, ou essentielles comme celles de Delisle, Moll, Mitchell, Clark, Thompson, Melish. <br />
Le choix des illustrations a Ã©tÃ© guidÃ© par le dÃ©sir dâ€™humaniser un peu lâ€™ouvrage et de faire, au passage, un clin dâ€™Å“il Ã  la flore et Ã  la faune tout en renouvelant lâ€™iconographie habituelle.</p>

<p><strong>5-	La place de la cartographie dans lâ€™univers de lâ€™historien.</strong><br />
 <br />
Les cartes sont des documents moins fiables que des rapports dâ€™administrateurs ou de la correspondance. Il faut aussi bien distinguer des travaux produits par des tÃ©moins directs comme des missionnaires, des militaires, des ingÃ©nieurs, de ceux attribuables Ã  des cartographes de cabinet. Les premiers ont lâ€™avantage dâ€™avoir vu ce quâ€™ils reprÃ©sentent et les seconds ont le mÃ©rite dâ€™avoir confrontÃ© les travaux de plusieurs collÃ¨gues et comparÃ© les rapports de divers voyageurs. <br />
	<br />
Les historiens se mÃ©fient des cartes, souvent perÃ§ues comme des outils de propagande. Ce quâ€™elles sont dans bien des cas. Mais elles permettent aussi de situer lâ€™action et de mieux comprendre les dÃ©fis, les enjeux. Lâ€™adepte de lâ€™histoire abstraite ou quantitative se sentira moins concernÃ© par la cartographie, mais Ã  tort. Les idÃ©es ont besoin dâ€™ancrage, lâ€™Ã©conomie a besoin de ressources, donc de territoires. <br />
	<br />
Bref, ce nâ€™est pas le moment de chercher Ã  convaincre de lâ€™utilitÃ© des cartes, espÃ©rons au moins quâ€™elles sauront plaire.</p>

<p><strong>6-	Les Ã©tapes essentielles de la cartographie de lâ€™AmÃ©rique du Nord.</strong></p>

<p>Ce sont les FranÃ§ais qui ont dâ€™abord explorÃ© et cartographiÃ© ce continent. Des sommets ont Ã©tÃ© atteints avec Champlain, Jolliet et Marquette, La Salle et Tonti, les LaVÃ©rendrye ; ils ont Ã©tÃ© suivis par les Peter Pond, Samuel Hearne, Lewis et Clark et par le plus grand de tous, David Thompson.<br />
	<br />
Ce sont aussi des FranÃ§ais qui, Ã  partir de leur cohabitation avec les Indiens, ont baptisÃ© le territoire. Autour du Mississippi apparaissent des toponymes dâ€™origine amÃ©rindienne : Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Illinois, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Wisconsin (de Ouisconsin), Iowa, Dakota, Arkansas, alors que les colonies de la cÃ´te atlantique, dÃ©veloppÃ©es par les Anglais, portent le plus souvent des noms dâ€™origine europÃ©enne : New York, Maine, Pennsylvanie, Virginie, GÃ©orgie, Caroline, New Jersey. <br />
	<br />
Aux Sanson, Delisle, Bellin, dâ€™Anville succÃ©deront les Senex, Moll, Popple, Mitchell, Arrowsmith. Les seconds copient les premiers qui sâ€™appuient sur les Champlain, Franquelin, Chaussegros de LÃ©ry.</p>

<p><strong>7-	Lâ€™accueil fait aux cartes.</strong></p>

<p>Devant les cartes des Sanson ou des Delisle, le roi et ses ministres devaient retenir leur souffle. On imagine le roi gonflÃ© dâ€™orgueil devant une reprÃ©sentation de la Nouvelle-France au dÃ©but du XVIIIe siÃ¨cle. On devine en mÃªme temps lâ€™inquiÃ©tude de certains ministres face aux donnÃ©es rÃ©elles. Comment garder le contrÃ´le de ce vaste territoire ? Que vaut-il par rapport Ã  Saint-Domingue ? Les alliances avec les Indiens dureront-elles ? Est-il possible de peupler raisonnablement ce nouveau royaume sans affaiblir lâ€™ancien ? <br />
	<br />
Les cartes font rÃªver, mais elles sont aussi de prÃ©cieux outils militaires ou diplomatiques. Le plus bel exemple est sans doute donnÃ© avec la carte de la Louisiane de Guillaume Delisle. Elle est datÃ©e de 1718, soit quelques annÃ©es aprÃ¨s le traitÃ© dâ€™Utrecht qui a amputÃ© la Nouvelle-France. Delisle sâ€™en donne Ã  cÅ“ur joie. Les deux bassins du Mississippi nâ€™ont jamais paru aussi immenses. Son embouchure est complexe ; on le sait depuis les mÃ©saventures de La Salle. Delisle sâ€™emploie Ã  Ãªtre aussi prÃ©cis que possible. Deux prÃ©cautions valent mieux quâ€™une : il prÃ©pare une vignette pour mieux montrer la complexitÃ© des lieux. Cette information va changer le cours de lâ€™histoire. Il serait Ã©tonnant en effet quâ€™elle nâ€™ait pas inspirÃ© les FranÃ§ais lors de la signature du traitÃ© de Paris en 1763. Celui-ci stipule que le cours du Mississippi servira de frontiÃ¨re jusquâ€™Ã  la riviÃ¨re dâ€™Iberville, mais non au-delÃ . Lorsque Jefferson, le francophile, se rend compte de la position stratÃ©gique de La Nouvelle-OrlÃ©ans, il fulmine. Les FranÃ§ais devront cÃ©der cette ville aux AmÃ©ricains. Autrement câ€™est un casus belli. Son Ã©missaire, James Livingston, a des instructions claires. Il doit amener les FranÃ§ais Ã  cÃ©der La Nouvelle-OrlÃ©ans. Câ€™est alors que NapolÃ©on prend tout le monde par surprise ; il offre tout le bassin occidental du Mississippi. Du coup, les Ã‰tats-Unis doublent leur superficie. Mais tout Ã§a est expliquÃ© dans lâ€™atlas.<br />
	<br />
Avant dâ€™Ãªtre dÃ©mantelÃ©e, la Nouvelle-France couvrait la majeure partie de lâ€™AmÃ©rique du Nord. Voici une petite anecdote Ã  cet Ã©gard. En 1978, FranÃ§ois Mitterand, alors chef de lâ€™opposition en France, sâ€™arrÃªta pour deux jours Ã  QuÃ©bec. On me le confia. La premiÃ¨re journÃ©e, il demeura froid, impassible. Il paraissait mÃªme ennuyÃ©. Le second jour, je lâ€™amenai Ã  la maison Fornel de la place Royale. Sur un mur de la cave se dÃ©ployait une immense carte de lâ€™AmÃ©rique franÃ§aise Ã  son apogÃ©e. Lâ€™air distrait, il sâ€™avanÃ§a et, les deux mains derriÃ¨re le dos, sâ€™immobilisa. Il ne bougeait plus. Je mâ€™approchai. Il me lanÃ§a un regard interrogateur en portant son regard sur ces chaÃ®nes de forts qui sillonnaient le continent : Richelieu, Maurepas, OrlÃ©ans, Pontchartrain, Seignelay. Et ce fleuve Colbert, et ces Grands Lacs situÃ©s au centre. Ã€ partir de ce moment, il ne fut plus le mÃªme. Il voulait savoir. Plus tard, il mâ€™Ã©crira que ce jour-lÃ  il avait compris beaucoup de choses, peut-Ãªtre mÃªme le fameux cri du gÃ©nÃ©ral de Gaulle.<br />
	<br />
La cartographie est dâ€™abord une forme de savoir, câ€™est souvent lâ€™occasion dâ€™un bilan. Et câ€™est aussi une forme de pouvoir. Pour un souverain, les cartes anticipent une conquÃªte, une prise de possession ; elles confirment aussi la rÃ©alitÃ© dâ€™une domination. Souvent elles sont lâ€™expression dâ€™une convoitise. Ainsi, dÃ¨s le dÃ©but du XVIIIe siÃ¨cle, les cartographes anglo-amÃ©ricains persistent Ã  prolonger la zone dâ€™influence des Treize Colonies jusquâ€™Ã  la rive sud du fleuve Saint-Laurent.</p>

<p><strong>8-	Lâ€™utilitÃ© et lâ€™actualitÃ© dâ€™un tel atlas.</strong></p>

<p>Mise en perspective, avec ses 400 ans dâ€™histoire, la ville de QuÃ©bec apparaÃ®t comme un point dâ€™arrivÃ©e, une porte dâ€™entrÃ©e, un lieu de passage, un Ã©ventuel poste de douane sur la route de la Chine, le siÃ¨ge dâ€™un immense diocÃ¨se, la capitale dâ€™un vaste empire, puis celle dâ€™un plus modeste pays avant de se faire supplanter et de devenir Â« la vieille capitale Â». <br />
	<br />
GÃ©ographiquement le QuÃ©bec est une extrÃ©mitÃ© de continent. Il forme la partie la plus septentrionale de lâ€™AmÃ©rique septentrionale. Il ouvre naturellement sur lâ€™extÃ©rieur, situation anormale pour une Â« province Â». On veillera donc Ã  lâ€™enclaver : le golfe sera de compÃ©tence fÃ©dÃ©rale de mÃªme que les eaux de lâ€™extrÃªme nord, tandis que le Labrador sera rattachÃ© Ã  Terre-Neuve.<br />
	<br />
Issue dâ€™une premiÃ¨re conquÃªte en 1763, la Province de QuÃ©bec est amputÃ©e Ã  lâ€™ouest, en 1792, et placÃ©e en situation de subordination politique en 1840. Bien encadrÃ©e dans une fÃ©dÃ©ration, elle voit partir une grande partie de sa population dans la seconde moitiÃ© du XIXe siÃ¨cle et sâ€™installe dans la survivance. <br />
	<br />
Capitale politique, humiliÃ©e en 1982, QuÃ©bec rÃ©siste et offre, envers et contre tous, une indÃ©niable qualitÃ© de vie. Le bonheur est dans le prÃ© ou sur les Plaines.	<br />
Cet atlas permet de prendre la mesure dâ€™un continent et aussi dâ€™une histoire fascinante. Les AmÃ©ricains nâ€™en croiront pas leurs yeux, les FranÃ§ais seront bien incrÃ©dules ou bien nostalgiques, les immigrants commenceront Ã  comprendre le combat quÃ©bÃ©cois. Ils pourront dÃ©cider de sâ€™y associer comme des centaines de milliers de leurs prÃ©dÃ©cesseurs. AprÃ¨s tout, le QuÃ©bec est terre de rencontre, terre dâ€™immigration ; il est aussi un puissant creuset fondÃ© sur le mÃ©tissage et la cohabitation.<br />
	<br />
CoincÃ©s entre deux solutions jugÃ©es impossibles par lâ€™historien Maurice SÃ©guin, câ€™est-Ã -dire lâ€™assimilation ou lâ€™indÃ©pendance, les QuÃ©bÃ©cois, au plus fort de leur RÃ©volution tranquille, ont perdu leurs rÃ©flexes face Ã  deux facteurs fondamentaux : la population et le territoire. MÃªme un parti indÃ©pendantiste nâ€™a pas su oser en matiÃ¨re de natalitÃ© et dâ€™amÃ©nagement. <br />
	<br />
Depuis peu, on a sonnÃ© le rÃ©veil sur le plan dÃ©mographique avec des Ã©lÃ©ments concrets de politique de natalitÃ©, mais on tourne dangereusement en rond face Ã  lâ€™amÃ©nagement du territoire. La luciditÃ© et le courage politiques font dÃ©faut. <br />
	<br />
Comme co-auteur dâ€™un atlas historique, jâ€™ai vu avec dÃ©sespoir disparaÃ®tre, dâ€™un trait de plume, une centaine de municipalitÃ©s. Un patrimoine toponymique et historique a Ã©tÃ© sacrifiÃ© sans raison. Cette perte de repÃ¨res est dramatique et dire que cette bÃªtise est le fait dâ€™un parti qui mise sur le sentiment identitaire. <br />
	<br />
Puisse cet atlas contribuer Ã  entretenir la mÃ©moire des chevauchÃ©es de gÃ©ants de nos ancÃªtres Blancs et AmÃ©rindiens, aussi Ã  rappeler le souvenir de lieux de naissance et de vie qui ont chacun leur histoire. Le remÃ¨de est simple : passer des heures Ã  scruter les cartes dâ€™hier et Ã  imaginer celles de demain.</p>]]></description>
         <link>http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2008/11/de_la_mesure_dun_continent.php</link>
         <guid>http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2008/11/de_la_mesure_dun_continent.php</guid>
         <category></category>
         <pubDate>Sat, 15 Nov 2008 23:18:20 -0500</pubDate>
      </item>
            <item>
         <title>Les Explorateurs de l&apos;AmÃ©rique du Nord</title>
         <description><![CDATA[<p>Dans le cadre du 400e anniversaire de la ville de QuÃ©bec et Ã  la suggestion de Denis Vaugeois, le maire de QuÃ©bec RÃ©gis Labeaume a invitÃ© ses homologues de la Franco-AmÃ©rique. Les 9 et 10 aoÃ»t derniers, une quinzaine de maires du Nouveau-Brunswick, de l'Ontario, du Vermont, du Maine ou encore de la Louisiane se sont retrouvÃ©s Ã  QuÃ©bec pour cÃ©lÃ©brer le fait franÃ§ais en AmÃ©rique.</p>
<p>Plusieurs d'entre eux montraient de l'Ã©tonnement devant cette invitation, QuÃ©bec n'est tout de mÃªme pas Ã  l'origine de l'AmÃ©rique. Dans leur ouvrage <a href="http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/catalogue/livre.asp?id=2830"><em>La Mesure d'un continent</em></a>, Raymonde Litalien, Jean-FranÃ§ois Palomino et Denis Vaugeois n'Ã©taient pourtant pas loin d'arriver Ã  cette conclusion. Tout de moins, les explorateurs franÃ§ais et, plus tard, les guides canadiens-franÃ§ais ont marchÃ© le continent dans son entiÃ¨retÃ©, bien souvent depuis QuÃ©bec.</p>
<p>En ouverture de l'exposition <a href="http://www.banq.qc.ca/portal/dt/collections/cartes_plans/exposition/exposition.jsp"><em>Ils ont cartographiÃ© l'AmÃ©rique</em></a> prÃ©sentÃ©e Ã  la Grande BibliothÃ¨que de MontrÃ©al se trouve une vidÃ©o rÃ©alisÃ©e Ã  partir de <a href="http://earth.google.fr/">Google Earth</a> prÃ©sentant un voyage de la France Ã  la Chine, Ã  travers le continent amÃ©ricain. Ce logiciel de cartographie permet de situer, grÃ¢ce Ã  des cartes satellites, les dÃ©cors Ã  travers lesquels les explorateurs ont Ã©voluÃ© pendant plus de trois siÃ¨cles. De lÃ  est partie l'idÃ©e</p>
<p>Ã€ la demande de la ville de QuÃ©bec (et sous la houlette de la sympathique JosÃ©e Laurence), <a href="http://www.ixmedia.com">iXmedia</a> a rÃ©alisÃ© une video reprÃ©sentant <a href="http://www.vimeo.com/album/27526">six trajets parcourus par les voyageurs d'autrefois</a>, six chemins de pÃ©nÃ©tration du continent, le long desquels les FranÃ§ais ont essaimÃ© de nombreux toponymes. Ils ont Ã©tÃ© conseillÃ©s par <a href="http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/catalogue/auteurs.asp?DevID=286">Dean Louder</a>, Jeanne Vallois et <a href="http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/catalogue/auteurs.asp?DevID=196">Denis Vaugeois</a>. Ces vidÃ©os ont Ã©tÃ© projetÃ©es aux maires admiratifs et un DVD leur a Ã©tÃ© remis.</p>
<p>Le plus beau compliment vint cependant du consul gÃ©nÃ©ral des Ã‰tats-Unis Ã  QuÃ©bec, M. David Fetter, qui lors de la rÃ©ception de bienvenue Ã  l'hÃ´tel de ville s'est tournÃ© vers la carte prÃ©sentant les six trajets en dÃ©clarant qu'il avait pour la premiÃ¨re fois une rÃ©ponse claire Ã  donner Ã  ceux qui se demandent en quoi QuÃ©bec est une ville spÃ©ciale.</p>
<p>Sans plus attendre, voici les six trajets prÃ©sentÃ©s.</p>
<p><strong>De QuÃ©bec Ã  Saint-Louis</strong></p><object width="400" height="302">
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<p><strong>De Saint-Louis Ã  La Nouvelle-OrlÃ©ans</strong></p><object width="400" height="302">
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<p><strong><br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>De Saint-Louis Ã  Winnipeg</strong></p><object width="400" height="302">
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<p><strong><br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>De Saint-Louis Ã  Provo</strong></p><object width="400" height="302">
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<p><strong><br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>De Omaha Ã  Astoria</strong></p><object width="400" height="302">
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         <link>http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2008/11/les_explorateurs_de_lamerique.php</link>
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         <category>AmÃ©rique du Nord</category>
         <pubDate>Sat, 15 Nov 2008 22:58:12 -0500</pubDate>
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         <title>Who was Champlain? His Family and Early Life</title>
         <description><![CDATA[<p>Texte de la confÃ©rence prÃ©sentÃ©e par Conrad E. Heindenreich Ã  MÃ©tis-sur-Mer le 8 aoÃ»t 2008.</p>
<p><!--StartFragment--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><b>Who was Champlain?</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><b>His Family and Early Life.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[1]</span></span></a></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">(MÃ©tis sur mer; August 8, 2008)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">Conrad E. Heidenreich</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><b><u>Champlain near MÃ©tis-sur-mer.</u></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">-When Champlain came to Canada for the first time in 1603, he sailed past MÃ©tis sur Mer on May 24, on his way to Tadoussac.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">-He sailed again past MÃ©tis on July 12 on his way from Tadoussac to Isle PercÃ©.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">-From PercÃ© he returned to Tadoussac along the north shore of the St. Lawrence.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">-Then on August 16, 1603, coming from Tadoussac, he sailed past MÃ©tis on his way back to France.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><b><u>Introduction</u></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">Today I would like to outline the little we know about Champlainâ€™s origin, his family, those who influenced him, his training, and briefly, his rise through the ranks from a <i>fourrier</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">in 1595, in the <i>maison du roy</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">(kingâ€™s household), to become lieutenant governor of New France to Cardinal Richelieu in 1628. Having reviewed the facts pertaining to his life, I would like to leave you with some observations that are central to understanding his life; and finally a question about his origin â€“ Who Was He? It is a question I cannot answer, except in the form of a speculative hypothesis, based on a tiny hint given by Champlain in one of his books.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><b><u>Who was Champlain?</u></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:18.0pt;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">There canâ€™t be many people who have made such an indelible imprint on the imagination and history of Canada as Samuel de Champlain, about whom so little personal information is known. Even though he wrote four substantial books about his activities, comprising</span> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">1308 printed pages, 5 folding maps, 22 small maps and 14 illustrations,</span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">he never mentioned the date of his birth, his parents, his education, his early life, his career in Henry IVâ€™s household and army or anything personal of any consequence. Not once did he record the name of his wife, HÃ©lÃ¨ne BoullÃ©, to whom he was married for twenty-five years except to refer to her on a couple of occasions as <i>ma famille</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">. My colleague Dr. Janet Ritch tells me that this is not unusual for a French writer of this period, nevertheless I find it so. The little that is known about his wider family comes from a few manuscript legal records. Unfortunately this meagre record cannot be expanded very far because the early parish records of Brouage no longer exist.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:18.0pt;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">Champlain wrote that he was born at Brouage in the province of Saintonge (now Charente-Maritime), France. His birth date has been estimated as sometime between 1567 and 1580. He died at QuÃ©bec, Canada, on December 25, 1635, after suffering a severe stroke early in October of that year. The earliest and most often quoted date of his birth is given as 1567. Unfortunately this date cannot be corroborated. Instead, biographers have adopted a neutral â€œcirca 1570,â€? until recently when the issue was raised again with an estimate that Champlain was born â€œcirca 1580.â€? I think however, that a birth date in the mid 1570s is more realistic in view of Champlainâ€™s activities and responsibilities by the mid 1590s.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:18.0pt;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">There has been much speculation on whether Champlain was born a Huguenot. In every existing document in which he is mentioned, or mentions himself, he appears as a convinced and dedicated Catholic. His birth in Brouage, probably in the mid 1570s when it was Huguenot, and his first name Samuel, a Protestant name, may mean something but there were also Catholics living in Brouage during the years it was Huguenot and Huguenots in the years it was Catholic. As for his given name, Samuel, there are at least two Catholic Saint Samuels. Although mainly used by Huguenots, the name Samuel could have been an acceptable name to some Catholics, perhaps signifying a birth date on the feast day of the Saint. Of the men to whom Champlain was responsible early in his Canadian career; Aymar de Chaste and Du Pont GravÃ© were Catholics while Pierre Du Gua de Mons was a Huguenot. All three had been early supporters of Henri IV, who was born a Huguenot in 1553 and switched to Catholicism forty years later (1593), demonstrating that religion did not matter as much as complete loyalty to the king. On December 17, 1610, Champlain married a Huguenot from a Huguenot family, the twelve year old HÃ©lÃ¨ne BoullÃ©. Since the marriage could not be consummated until she was of age, HÃ©lÃ¨ne took instruction, albeit reluctantly, and converted to Catholicism by the time she was fourteen. It is likely that this was an arranged marriage. She fled (in 1613) when she came of age and had to be apprehended. The only known relative of Champlainâ€™s who was a Huguenot, but only early in his career, when it was politic, was his uncle by marriage, Guillaume Allene. Champlainâ€™s birth during the 1570s when Brouage was Huguenot, his given name Samuel, his marriage into a Huguenot family are all suggestive of a Huguenot origin. If he was baptized a Huguenot in Brouage it may have been between 1572 and 1577, the only years that a Protestant pastor, Nicolas Folion (dit La VallÃ©e), lived in the town.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:18.0pt;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">Champlain always signed himself <strong>Champlain</strong></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">on any documents he authored or witnessed. He never attached his given name Samuel or any of his titles to his signature much like the royalty of his times,</span> <strong>Henri</strong> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">or</span> <strong>Louis</strong><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">, and wrote it at least twice the size of the writing on a page or any other signatures. It is the bold signature of a confident man. On documents authored by others his name is sometimes spelled Champellain or some variant in spelling, which may be variants in the pronunciation of the name. Searches through French genealogies of this period have not produced any other people named Champlain, showing at the very least that the name was uncommon. I would not be surprised if some day we found out that he changed his name early in his career. It may not mean much but the very first record in which he is mentioned, the 1595 account books for the army in Brittany, he is named both <i>Samuel <u>de</u> Champlain</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">and <i><u>Sieur</u> Champlain</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">. In other words the <i>particule de</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">and the title <i>sieur</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">were used by his superior officers to authorise and register his pay.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:18.0pt;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">Champlainâ€™s parents were Anthoine de Champlain, <i>cappitaine de la marine</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">, deceased before Champlainâ€™s marriage to HÃ©lÃ¨ne in 1610, and <i>dame</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">Margueritte le Roy, still living in 1610, but not listed among the family and friends at the wedding. The only other reference to Champlainâ€™s father is the sale of a half share in a small 30 tun ship <i>Jeanne</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">, in 1573, at Brouage by Anthoyne Chappelin (Anthine Chappelain), <i>pilotte de navyres, demeurant Ã  Jacopolis sur Brouage</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">. It appears therefore that Champlainâ€™s father was a pilot of ships in the harbour of Brouage as well as a captain in the navy. In a town like Brouage, which was so dependent on its harbour, the Champlainâ€™s must have been a very respectable family. He was definitely not the son of poor fisher folk as some writers have made him out to be. We know nothing more about the father or his origins. In 1610, Champlainâ€™s mother was listed as <i>dame</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">, probably meaning <i>madame</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">, lady or wife of a gentleman rather than the wife of a noble. Although Champlain appears not to have had any siblings,<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[2]</span></span></a> he had a first cousin, Marie Camaret.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[3]</span></span></a> Two documents state that she was the daughter of George Camaret, a <i>capitaine</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">, and FranÃ§oise Le Roy, a sister of Champlainâ€™s mother. We know nothing more about the Le Roy family except that there was a third sister, of unknown name, married to Guillaume Allene.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:18.0pt;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">Champlain had at least three men who seem to have had some influence on him in his youth; his uncle Guillaume Allene, the geographer/engineer Charles Leber sieur du Carlo and a bit later in his life, FranÃ§ois GravÃ© Du Pont. We know nothing about Champlainâ€™s relationship to his father, if any, because he never mentioned him, nor did anyone else. We must assume however, that in view of the fatherâ€™s position of <i>cappitaine</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">and <i>pilotte</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">something of that must have rubbed off on his son.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:18.0pt;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">Champlainâ€™s uncle by marriage, Guillaume Allene, also known as <i>le Capitaine ProvenÃ§al</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">, is one relative of Champlainâ€™s about whom some information is available. In Spanish documents he is called Guillermo Elena or <i>CapitÃ¡n Provenzano</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">. A native of Marseille, son of Anthoine Allenne and Gassin Andriou, Guillaume married Guillemette Gousse daughter of Nycolas Gousse and Collette FranÃ§ois, in La Rochelle on November 17, 1563. At the time of their marriage, Allene was a master pilot (<i>maistre pilote</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">) and both he and his wife were Huguenot. Through the 1560s and 1570s he was listed as a <i>marchand et bourgeois</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">in La Rochelle, participating on voyages along the coast of Africa, South America and to Newfoundland. In 1569 he received a commission (<i>lettres de marque</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">)<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[4]</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">from the Huguenot Queen of Navarre, Jeanne dâ€™Albert, mother of Henri IV, while she and her son were in La Rochelle seeking refuge from the Catholic army, to sail as a <i>corsair</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">out of La Rochelle against Spanish and Dutch shipping. In 1579 Allene and his wife still lived in La Rochelle but in 1584 he is listed as a captain in the navy living in Brouage. There is no longer any mention of his wife Guillemette. When Allene revised parts of his will<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5" href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[5]</span></span></a> in 1601, making substantial gifts (<i>donaciÃ³n</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">) through a codicil, to Champlain including a property near La Rochelle, he wrote that he did this in part â€œâ€¦for the love that I bear him, on account of having been married to an aunt of the aforesaid [Champlain], a sister of his motherâ€¦â€? This aunt could not have been Guillemette Gousse of La Rochelle but must have been from the Le Roy family in Brouage. This implies that Guillemette was probably deceased by 1584 and Allene married again. It seems therefore that Margueritte Le Roy, Champlainâ€™s mother, had at least two sisters, FranÃ§oise Le Roy mother of Marie Camaret, and Alleneâ€™s wife. It is probable that Allene and Champlainâ€™s father Anthoine knew each other; both were trained as pilots and naval captains and both operated out of the small port of Brouage. Perhaps it was Anthoine who introduced Guillaume Allene to one of his sisters-in-law. By the time Allene turned up in Brouage, the town was Catholic again and in order to live there he may have undergone conversion as perhaps did the Champlain family. We know little more about Allene until 1597-8.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:18.0pt;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">Another person who had contact with Allene and the Champlain family was Charles Leber, sieur du Carlo, <i>ingÃ©nieur et gÃ©ographe ordinaire du Roy, et sargeant major en</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><i>Brouage</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">. Like other 16<sup>th</sup> to early 17<sup>th</sup> citizens of Brouage Charles Leber remains a shadowy person due to the paucity of documents regarding the town. His manuscript maps of the coast of France from Cherbourg to the northern coast of Spain (c. 1625), lâ€™Ã®le de RÃ© (c. 1625), Brouage (c. 1627) and La Rochelle (c. 1628) show that he was an excellent surveyor and a fine cartographer. What is interesting is that the cartographic style of these maps is startlingly similar to Champlainâ€™s only surviving manuscript map <i>descripsion des costs p[or]ts rades Illes de la nouuelle franceâ€¦</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">1607, suggesting the notion that Champlain and Leber were at the same school and took lessons from the same teacher. By 1625 Leber was living in Paris, when on December 29, Champlain made Charles Leber, sieur du Carlo a gift, <i>un</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><i>donnation</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">,</span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">not â€œsoldâ€? as some writers have stated, of Alleneâ€™s estate near La Rochelle: â€œâ€¦ for the good and true, natural love which the said sieur de Champlain has always born and still bears for the said sieur du Carlot, and also that such is his good pleasure and will to do thusâ€¦â€? Charles Leber accepted this gift on February 25, 1626. This was an enormously generous gift by Champlain, suggesting that he had a longstanding special relationship to Leber and that Allene and Leber were probably friends. A month later on March 23, Champlain sold Leber the house he had inherited through the Le Roy family. Leber died in 1629, leaving two <i>enfants mineurs</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">which suggests to me that he could not have been Champlainâ€™s teacher, as some have suggested, who was given Alleneâ€™s estate as a gift from a grateful student. It is more likely that Champlain and Leber were contemporaries and friends, both being in their early fifties by 1629.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">In 1604, Champlain began a correspondence with another <i>gÃ©ographe du Roy</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">, Guillaume de Nautonier, author of a treatise on the earthâ€™s magnetic field and a theory for determining longitude by observations of magnetic declination and latitude. One cannot help but wonder if Charles Leber was the link between the two. Champlain used de Nautonierâ€™s theoretical work and sent him observations of magnetic declination as early as 1604 from Acadia for which de Nautonier was grateful and hoping â€œâ€¦that on his [Champlainâ€™s] return, he will bring us a full account of that region, as he is extremely capable.â€?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">Early in 1603, Champlain met FranÃ§ois GravÃ© Du Pont, veteran of several voyages to Canada, who was to command Aymar de Chasteâ€™s ship the <i>Bonne-RenommÃ©</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">on the voyage to explore the St. Lawrence River. Over succeeding years the two became good friends to the point where Champlain declared in 1618 that: â€œI was his friend, and his years would lead me to respect him as I would my father.â€?<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote">[6]</span></span></a> There is little doubt Champlain learned a great deal from GravÃ©, especially coastal navigation, Native relations and trade. He became a trusted confidant, one of the few from whom Champlain sought advice.</span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">There is every reason to suspect that Champlain did not have much formal schooling, certainly not in what is called a classical education. His written French was serviceable but not â€œschooled.â€?</span> A common complaint of the Champlain Society translation made between 1908 and 1936, was that it made â€œChamplain a better writer in English than he was in French.â€? His writing was without the classical allusions common to his time in the writings of educated people. After spending two and a half years in the company of Spaniards in the West Indies, and some time in Spain looking after the affairs of his uncle, it is certain that he spoke Spanish. His later writings on mapping and navigation show that he learned mainly by observation and doing. He used simple surveying techniques and none of his writings demonstrate that he had any training in basic geometry let alone new mathematical developments used in navigation and surveying such as trigonometry. He appears to have had little rigorous schooling in any of these subjects. In fact he wrote late in life that he had learned navigation, instrumental observations, etc.: â€œâ€¦both by experience and by the teaching of many good navigators, as well as through the special pleasure I have derived from the perusal of books on this subjectâ€¦â€? In other words, he learned by observing, doing and reading rather than specialized schooling.</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent:18.0pt;line-height:150%">The suggestion has been made that Champlain may have attended an â€œacademyâ€? in Brouage where he could have acquired his surveying and cartographic skills.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[7]</span></span></a> This academy is described in some detail by the Swiss medical student and traveller Thomas Platter (1574-1628) from a visit to Brouage between May five and six, 1599.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[8]</span></span></a><span lang="EN-CA">This academy only admitted sons of noble and well-born men (<i>vom adell unndt wollgebornen</i></span> Jungen) who were between the ages of 14 and 20. Training consisted of knightly pursuits (<i>ritterspilen</i>), such as riding and jumping horses, dancing, fencing and playing the mandolin. Right after breakfast they learned surveying and how to lay out the ground plans of fortresses and fortifications.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[9]</span></span></a> Once the food was digested, the students, or disciples (<i>disciple</i>) as Platter calls them, partook in physically more rigorous training especially horsemanship. Normally the programme was two years, but students could shorten or lengthen their course of study depending on their aptitude. Of the students, the most distinguished and accomplished horsemen, fencers, dancers etc. were paid to teach the others. The head master (<i>rector</i>, modern: <i>Rektor</i>), a distinguished older man from the nobility,<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[10]</span></span></a> was paid by the king but also received additional funding from each student. Graduates were suitable for careers in the army or service with a lord. In academies of this kind, it is likely the <i>rector</i> would make recommendations and look after placements for his better students.</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent:18.0pt;line-height:150%">There were other academies like this one in France but they also taught more scholarly subjects.<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11" href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[11]</span></span></a> Academic studies at Brouage apparently went into a great decline (<i>mechtigen groÃŸen abgang</i>) due to the long wars, to the point that the students were ashamed to utter Latin, because if they did so they would be contemptuously called priests.<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12" href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[12]</span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent:18.0pt;line-height:150%">It is tempting to link Leber and Champlain to this academy. It would explain much about their later careers. Champlain would have been acceptable to the school. He came from a respectable family, prominent in Brouage, and showed an aptitude for surveying and drafting. The lack of polish and absence of classicisms in his written French would be a reflection of the academyâ€™s curriculum. Upon graduation he was qualified and probably recommended to become a <i>fourrier</i> and <i>aide</i> to the <i>marÃ©shal des logis</i> Jean Hardy in the <i>maison du Roy</i> where he was required to draft route maps and plans for fortified camps. We know from Champlainâ€™s plan of QuÃ©bec that he understood basic principles of fortification.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[13]</span></span></a> Charles Leber, was probably the more studious of the two judging from his maps and other areas of qualification, <i>ingÃ©nieur et gÃ©ographe ordinaire du Roy, et sargeant major en</i> <i>Brouage</i>. He may have taught at the academy for a while, and then went on to become an engineer, geographer and sergeant major in the army. If this is so, it is probable that Lebert took longer to graduate, and/or acquired more training at a later date as well as spending many years in the field surveying the French coast-line. This would account for his late output of maps (1625-1629).</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:150%">In his dedicatory letter to Marie de Medici, widow of Henri IV and mother of Louis XIII, Champlain wrote that it was the art of navigation that had â€œâ€¦drawn me to love it from a tender age and which, for almost my entire life, has stirred me to venture out upon the turbulent waves of the oceanâ€¦â€? While this is entirely possible, we know nothing of his early youth. The first evidence we have of Champlain on a ship, is when he left Blavet (Port Louis) for CÃ¡diz in 1598 on the <i>Saint-Julian</i> commanded by his uncle Guillaume Allene. Prior to that year, in 1595, when he first surfaces in the documentary record during the religious wars in Brittany, he served<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[14]</span></span></a> in the land based army of Henri IV as a <i>fourrier</i> and <i>aide</i> to Sieur Jean Hardy, <i>marÃ©chal de logis du Roy</i> of the <i>maison du Roy</i>. He was not in the fighting forces, nor did he fight at the battle of Crozon (Brest) in 1594, against Spain, as some have written. He also ran confidential messages between the king and <i>marÃ©chal</i> Jean dâ€™Aumont who was in charge of the Brittany campaign. As a young man therefore, he had personal contact with the two most senior officers in Henriâ€™s Brittany army, the <i>marÃ©chal</i> Jean dâ€™Aumont and the <i>marÃ©chal de logis</i> Jean Hardy. For the position of <i>fourrier</i>he was required to have basic skills in surveying and mapping rather than navigation. There is no question that he had such surveying skills and that he learned those in France. Not so his knowledge of navigation which was Spanish, judging from the texts he used and his consistent use of the Spanish marine league. There is no evidence that Champlain achieved the rank of <i>marÃ©chal de logis</i> as stated in the manuscript <i>Brief discours</i>which has been attributed to him. Nor is there any evidence that he was ever a pilot, captain or navigator on a ship of any consequence. In fact he never made any claim that he had held any of these positions, only his later biographers did that. His titles <i>capitaine ordinaire</i>, and after 1625, <i>Captaine pour le Roy en la marine</i>, were more honorific than hands-on. A <i>capitaine ordinaire</i> for example, could only take command of a ship in the absence of qualified officers.</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height:150%"><u>We are now getting to the central question I hinted at earlier:</u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:18.0pt;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">In <i>Les Voyages, 1632</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">Champlain makes a curious statement about his birth that is difficult to explain. When asked by Aymar de Chaste in early 1603 if he would like to join the expedition to the St. Lawrence, Champlain replied that: â€œâ€¦of myself to take the liberty of going on this voyage I could not do so, but by the command of his said Majesty, to whom I was under an obligation both by birth (<i>de naissance</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">) and by a pension with which he honoured me as a means to maintain me near him.â€?<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15" href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[15]</span></span></a> Aymar de Chaste made the request to the king on Champlainâ€™s behalf, and the request was granted by Henri through a letter issued by his Secretary of State, Louis Potier de Gesvre, on the condition that Champlain give Henri a full report on his return. We do not know when this pension was assigned, or for what reason, but what it indicates is that he was personally known to the king, that the king trusted him, found him reliable and valued his services. Some writers have assumed that the pension was awarded by the monarch for Champlainâ€™s report on the Spanish West Indies after his return in 1601, but there is no proof for this. What is even less clear is what Champlain meant by writing that he was obliged to the king by birth (<i>de naissance</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">). If the words <i>de naissance</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">are taken literally it seems that Champlain is suggesting he is somehow related to the Bourbon monarch; but in what way? His motherâ€™s maiden name Le Roy may be suggestive but we know nothing of her family. I think what is clear is that the <i>pension</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">to maintain him near the king and the obligation he felt to the king through his birth</span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">are</span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">related. If Champlain had a family connection to the Bourbon monarchy, is this why he was attached to the <i>maison du Roy</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">by 1595 when he is first mentioned in a document? Was Champlain related to the Bourbon monarchy and given a pension, like some other relatives, to maintain him in the <i>maison du Roy</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">?</span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">Given the fact that in all his writings Champlain makes no specific comments about his origin except this one, such a suggestion is startling to say the least. In the absence of any concrete evidence it seems pointless to take this notion any further. However, if it were true, many questions about his future career and his relationship to his superiors would be answered.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><u>Letâ€™s briefly look at these questions:</u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">-How did Champlain wind up in the kingâ€™s household as a <i>fourrier</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">-Why did this <i>fourrier</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">run confidential messages between the king and his most senior <i>marechal</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">, when this is not part of a <i>fourrierâ€™s</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">job?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">-How did Champlain get to know so many influential people?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">-Why did he feel obliged to ask the king for permission to travel to Canada in 1603 and again in 1604?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">-Why was this permission issued formally in writing by, of all people, the busy Secretary of State?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">-Why did he report promptly and personally to the king each time he returned to France from an overseas voyage (1601 or 1602, 1603, 1607 and 1609)?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">-At a time when connections to the court meant everything to a successful career, how could Champlain, if he was a mere commoner from one of the outer provinces with no apparent connections to nobility,</span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">have risen through the ranks to become <i>de facto</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">governor of New France? Where his natural abilities that remarkable? He served as a lieutenant to a lieutenant general (du Gua de Mons, 1608-12), as lieutenant to five viceroys (Comte de Soissons, 1612-13; Prince de CondÃ©, 1613-19; CondÃ© and Marquis de ThÃ©mines, 1619-20; Duc de Montmorency, 1620-25; Duc de Ventadour, 1625-28) and finished his career as lieutenant general to Cardinal Richelieu (1628-35), the most powerful person in France after the king. There is no evidence that Champlain was ennobled. Moreover, none of these men were in the habit of having themselves represented by commoners. We have no answers to these and other question relating to Champlain, his family, his acquaintances and his career, but they would all be answered if he was somehow connected by birth to the Bourbon monarchy.</span></p>
<div style="mso-element:footnote-list">
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  <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1">
    <p class="MsoTitle" align="left" style="text-align:left"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:normal" xml:lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote">[1]</span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:normal" xml:lang="EN-CA">This lecture is based on parts of a book by Conrad E. Heidenreich and K. Janet Ritch soon to by published by The Champlain Society, provisionally entitled: <i>The Works of Samuel de Champlain</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:normal" xml:lang="EN-CA">: <i>Des Sauvages</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-weight: normal" xml:lang="EN-CA"><i>and other Documents Related to the Period before 1604.</i></span></p>
  </div>

  <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn2">
    <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[2]</span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">With regard to a house he inherited from his mother in Brouage h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">e is listed in a 1619 document as â€¦ <i>filz et herittier seul de deffuncte Margueritte Le Roy sa mereâ€¦</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">(â€œâ€¦son and only inheritor of the deceased Margueritte Le Roy his motherâ€¦â€?).</span></p>
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  <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn3">
    <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[3]</span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">She lived in Paris in 1619 with her husband Jacques Hersan, at the time a <i>picqueur</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">[piqueur] <i>des chiens de la Chamber du Roy</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">. A <i>piqueur</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">is a â€œpack huntsmanâ€? called a â€œwhipper-inâ€? in Britain. He handled a pack of dogs for the master huntsman by keeping them on the scent during the hunt and in bringing down the quarry. By 1637 he is listed as â€œ<em><span style="font-style:normal">Controller</span></em> of foreign and crown trade for La Rochelle.â€?</span></p>
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  <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn4">
    <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[4]</span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">A warrant (commission) given by national authorities to a private citizens (hence privateer) to arm a ship for the purpose of capturing and plundering enemy merchant ships in time of war.</span></p>
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  <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn5">
    <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[5]</span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">The original will was made at Quimper in 1597. The codicil giving the property â€œnear La Rochelleâ€? to Champlain was dated June 26, 1601 in Cadiz, signed by Allene, Champlain and others.</span></p>
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  <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn6">
    <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[6]</span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">GravÃ© was christened on November 27, 1560, making him roughly 15 years older than Champlain if he was born about the mid 1570s. Although somewhat arbitrary, an age difference of 15 years between the two men was probably enough for one to call the other a â€œfather.â€?</span></p>
  </div>

  <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn7">
    <p class="MsoNormal"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[7]</span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-CA">Fiquet, Nathalie. 2004. â€œBrouage in the Time of Champlain: A new Town Open to the World.â€? In: Raymonde Litalien and Denis Vaugeois, eds., <i>Champlain: The Birth of French America</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-CA">. MontrÃ©al: McGill/Queenâ€™s University et Les Ã©ditions du Septentrion, 37-9.</span></p>
  </div>

  <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn8">
    <p class="MsoNormal"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[8]</span></span></span></a> <span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-language: FR" xml:lang="FR">Keiser, Rut, ed. 1968. <i>Thomas Platter D. J.: Beschreibung der Reisen durch Frankreich, Spanien, England und die Niederlande, 1595-1600</i></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">. Basel: Schwabe &amp; Co, 451-4.</span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">The volumes are written in the German of Platterâ€™s times before spelling was standardized</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">.</span></p>
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  <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn9">
    <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[9]</span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><i>Nach dem essen gleich lehrnet man sie meÃŸen, vestungen in grundt legen oder fortificieren</i></span><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">, Ibid. 452. <i>MeÃŸen</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">or <i>messen</i></span> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">is measuring, mensuration, surveying. Here surveying is meant because the word is used to describe the act of laying out fortresses and fortifications. Ibid. 452.</span></p>
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  <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn10">
    <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[10]</span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">â€œâ€¦<i>ein stattlicher alter vom adel</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">â€¦â€? Ibid.</span></p>
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  <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn11">
    <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[11]</span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">There were other academies like the one in Brouage in places like Paris and Orleans. Ibid. 453.</span></p>
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  <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn12">
    <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[12]</span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">â€¦<i>sagen gleich, es seye einer ein pfaff, so er latein redetâ€¦</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Ibid. The word <i>Pfaffe</i></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">is used in a contemptuous manner to denote a priest (<i>Priester</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">).</span></p>
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  <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn13">
    <p class="MsoNormal"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[13]</span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">For example, on his plan of QuÃ©bec he wrote that he had constructed platforms in the style of <i>tenailles</i></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">for the placing of the canon. Biggar, <i>The Works</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">, II: 39 (symbol N). The term <i>tenailles</i></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">is also used in English.</span> <span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Muller, John. 1746. <i>A Treatise Containing the Elemetary Part Of Fortification, Regular and Irregular</i></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">. London : J. Nourse, 33-4.</span></p>
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  <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn14">
    <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[14]</span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA">He used the</span> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">words <i>employÃ©</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">(employed) and <i>seruy</i></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">(to serve).</span></p>
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  <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn15">
    <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" xml:lang="EN-CA"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[15]</span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">â€œâ€¦que pour me licencier de moyesme Ã  entrprendre ce voyage, ie ne le pouuois faire sans le Commandement de sadite MajestÃ©, Ã  laquelle Iâ€™estois oblige tant de naissance, que dâ€™une pension de laquelle elle mâ€™honoroit, pour avoir moyen de mâ€™entretenir prÃ©s dâ€™elle;â€? Biggar, <i>The Works</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">, III: 315.</span></p>
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         <link>http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2008/08/who_was_champlain_his_family_a.php</link>
         <guid>http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2008/08/who_was_champlain_his_family_a.php</guid>
         <category></category>
         <pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2008 12:13:03 -0500</pubDate>
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         <title>Champlain et Dupont GravÃ© en contexte</title>
         <description><![CDATA[<p><!--StartFragment--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">Texte de la communication prÃ©sentÃ©e par Denis Vaugeois lors du 133e congrÃ¨s du comtiÃ© des travaux historiques et scientifiques (<a href="http://cths.fr">CTHS</a>) Ã  QuÃ©bec le 2 juin 2008.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Champlain et Dupont GravÃ© en contexte<br /></strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Jadis, on apprenait Ã  lâ€™Ã©cole que, malgrÃ© les interdits du traitÃ© de Tordesillas, issu de la bulle Inter caetera qui partageait le monde entre Portugais et Espagnols, FranÃ§ois Ier avait envoyÃ© des expÃ©ditions en AmÃ©rique dirigÃ©es par Cartier puis par Roberval. Une pÃ©riode de silence avait suivi jusquâ€™Ã  La Roche de Mesgouez en 1598 et surtout Champlain en 1608. Pourquoi ce vide? Dâ€™une part une dÃ©ception de ne pas avoir trouvÃ© de mÃ©tal prÃ©cieux, dâ€™autre part la France sâ€™Ã©tait enlisÃ©e dans des guerres de religion. Ce nâ€™Ã©tait pas Â« matiÃ¨re dâ€™examen Â», on passait rapidement.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Puis, peu Ã  peu, des chercheurs comme Marcel Trudel et Bernard Allaire ont commencÃ© Ã  fouiller cette pÃ©riode. Des noms surgirent de lâ€™ombre : Jacques NoÃ«l, neveu de Jacques Cartier, puis ses deux fils, Jean et Michel. Le premier vint Ã  Hochelaga en 1585, les deux autres en 1587. Ã€ cette occasion, ils perdent, nous apprend Marcel Trudel, Â« quatre pataches au cours dâ€™une bataille entre traiteurs concurrents Â». Câ€™est tout dire!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Au fil des ans, les historiens renouent avec les travaux de Richard Hakluyt et dÃ©couvrent le texte fascinant dâ€™Anthony Parkhurst, ce navigateur anglais qui en 1578 dÃ©nombre prÃ¨s de 400 navires europÃ©ens dans les parages de Terres-Neuve. En 1580, Robert Hitchcock Ã©value Ã  500 le nombre de navires franÃ§ais affectÃ©s Ã  la pÃªche. Quelques annÃ©es plus tard, Antoine de Montchrestien arrive Ã  des constats semblables.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Lors dâ€™un colloque de la SociÃ©tÃ© historique du Lac Saint-Louis tenu en 1985, Laurier Turgeon, quâ€™on sait passionnÃ© par les pÃªcheurs basques, en surprend plusieurs en affirmant que, au cours du 16e siÃ¨cle, il vint plus de bateaux europÃ©ens dans le golfe Saint-Laurent que dans le golfe du Mexique. Dans un factum de 1613, des marchands de Saint-Malo affirment que des Normands, Basques et Bretons frÃ©quentent le Saint-Laurent depuis 35 ans environ. Câ€™est lâ€™un dâ€™entre eux, le sieur PontgravÃ© de Saint-Malo, Ã©crivent-ils, qui a dâ€™ailleurs initiÃ© Champlain le conduisant au Â« premier sault Â» voilÃ  Â« dix Ã  douze ans Â».</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR"><strong>Qui est ce PontgravÃ© dit aussi GravÃ©, sieur du Pont ou Dupont-GravÃ© ?</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">FranÃ§ois GravÃ© est nÃ© Saint-Malo en 1560. Si on en croit les marchands de Saint-Malo, il commence Ã  frÃ©quenter le Saint-Laurent vers 1580 et sâ€™installe Ã  Honfleur Ã  partir de 1600.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">En 1599, associÃ© de Pierre Chauvin, sieur de Tonnetuit, il cabale contre La Roche de Mesgouez qui a obtenu, lâ€™annÃ©e prÃ©cÃ©dente, le renouvellement dâ€™une certaine exclusivitÃ© sur la traite au Canada. Câ€™est une vieille histoire pour La Roche qui a reÃ§u dÃ¨s 1577 une commission lâ€™autorisant Ã  commercer aux Â« Terres neufves et autres adjacentes Â». AprÃ¨s maintes mÃ©saventures, dont sept annÃ©es dâ€™emprisonnement. il dÃ©barque Ã  lâ€™Ã®le de Sable une cinquantaine dâ€™hommes. Tout en maintenant ses appuis Ã  La Roche, Henri IV accepte dâ€™Ã©couter les demandes de Chauvin. Comme bien des personnages quâ€™on retrouve autour du roi, Chauvin a combattu dans lâ€™armÃ©e royale. Il peut espÃ©rer des faveurs.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Dugua de Mons lorgne Ã©galement vers les terres neuve. Lui aussi a combattu pour le roi; il reÃ§oit une pension depuis 1594. Puis son mariage lui vaut une dot de 25 000 livres quâ€™il rÃªve dâ€™investir dans des entreprises outre-atlantiques.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Coup sur coup, Ã  quelques jours dâ€™intervalle, au printemps 1598, Henri IV fait cadeau Ã  la France de lâ€™Ã‰dit de Nantes qui promulgue une forme de tolÃ©rance religieuse et de la Paix de Vervins quâ€™il conclut avec son rival, Philippe II, roi dâ€™Espagne. Câ€™est le moment de se tourner sÃ©rieusement vers cette partie de lâ€™AmÃ©rique officiellement ouverte Ã  une prÃ©sence franÃ§aise.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Chauvin et Dugua se rendent compte que leurs projets rejoignent ceux du valet de chambre du roi, Pierre de Beringhen (Bellingand). Natif de Prusse, celui-ci est lâ€™homme de confiance dâ€™Henri IV qui apprÃ©cie sa finesse dâ€™esprit autant que sa force. Il a lui aussi ses ambitions et brÃ»le dâ€™investir la petite fortune qui dÃ©coule des faveurs royales.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Chauvin, Dugua et Beringhen se seraient donnÃ© le mot pour convaincre le roi quâ€™il faut faire plus que les bien timides entreprises de La Roche.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR"><strong>DÃ©nonciation de LaRoche de Mesgouez</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Dans un mÃ©moire adressÃ© au roi, probablement vers 1606, Troilus de La Roche de Mesgouez dÃ©nonce a posteriori les manÅ“uvres de Chauvin et Dugua. Dâ€™aprÃ¨s ce que lui a racontÃ© Beringhen (quâ€™il appelle Belinguant), Chauvin a usÃ© Â« de la plus grande affronterie Â« . Pour parvenir Ã  ses fins et favoriser son Â« imposture Â», il sâ€™est fait aider dâ€™un Â« nommÃ© le Pont Ã  Saint-Malo Â».</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">En rÃ©alitÃ©, afin de persuader le roi de soutenir leur projet, les trois compÃ¨res auraient fait parader FranÃ§ois Dupont-GravÃ©. Â« Le Malouin peut Ã©voquer avec prÃ©cision, Ã©crit Ã‰ric Thierry dans un rÃ©cent ouvrage sur Henri IV, les bonnes relations des FranÃ§ais avec les indigÃ¨nes du golfe du Saint-Laurent et mÃªme de lâ€™Acadie, les richesses en fourrures et en poissons de ces rivages et la possibilitÃ© de fonder lÃ -bas une nouvelle France Â»( :66). Le roi est dâ€™autant plus attentif que FranÃ§ois Dupont-GravÃ© est le cousin de Thomas GravÃ© envers lequel il a une dette militaire, rappelle Thierry.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Le 22 novembre 1599, Chauvin reÃ§oit la commission convoitÃ©e. Devant les protestations de LaRoche, Henri IV se ravise toutefois, modifie la commission accordÃ©e et, en date du 15 janvier 1600, limite carrÃ©ment le monopole de Chauvin Ã  une zone autour de Tadoussac. Tant pis, le projet dâ€™expÃ©dition est maintenu. MalgrÃ© des difficultÃ©s de financement, quatre navires se mettent en route pour Tadoussac, sans doute assez tard au printemps. Dupont-GravÃ© en est Â« Ã  titre dâ€™associÃ© et de lieutenant Â» et Dugua comme simple passager, semble-t-il.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">La traite est bonne, mais lâ€™endroit est jugÃ© Â« fort dÃ©sagrÃ©able Â». Â« Plusieurs fois Â», Dupont-GravÃ© propose Ã  Chauvin de remonter le Saint-Laurent. Il veut faire voir un Â« lieu plus commode Ã  habiter Â». Dugua est dâ€™accord, mais Chauvin sâ€™oppose. Lâ€™hiver nâ€™est pas loin, soutient-il, et Tadoussac lui semble un excellent lieu de rendez-vous. Une habitation est mise en chantier. Les Montagnais coopÃ¨rent volontiers. Dans leur esprit, la prÃ©sence des FranÃ§ais contribuera Ã  renforcer leur position et leur prestige auprÃ¨s des autres nations.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Chauvin laissera 16 hommes dans la minuscule cabane Ã©rigÃ©e avec une certaine hÃ¢te. Lâ€™hiver sera dÃ©sastreux et tous auraient sans doute pÃ©ri nâ€™eÃ»t Ã©tÃ© lâ€™aide apportÃ©e par les Indiens. Au printemps de 1601, lâ€™expÃ©dition envoyÃ©e par Chauvin nâ€™aurait retrouvÃ© que cinq survivants. Ce chiffre est-il juste?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR"><strong>Champlain confirme la version de LaRoche</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Dans son rÃ©cit de 1632, Champlain raconte ce quâ€™il sait, ce quâ€™on lui a racontÃ© ou ce quâ€™il a bien voulu retenir. Quelques historiens, dont Jean Liebel ( :62) ont lu : Â« Lâ€™an 1599 le Sieur Chauvinâ€¦. Â» et situÃ© ce voyage en 1599. Pourtant, Champlain, selon lâ€™Ã©dition de LaverdiÃ¨re, a Ã©crit : Â« Un an aprÃ¨s, lâ€™an 1599, le Sieur Chauvinâ€¦ Â» Par une virgule inopportune, Champlain induit en erreur son lecteur un peu distrait. Ce voyage a bel et bien lieu en 1600. La version de Champlain est intÃ©ressante et confirme celle de La Roche lorsquâ€™il rappelle le rÃ´le jouÃ© par Dupont-GravÃ©, Â« fort entendu aux voyages de mer, pour en avoir fait plusieurs Â». Ce dernier, rappelle Champlain, sâ€™Ã©tait rendu Ã  la Cour Â« rechercher quelquâ€™un dâ€™autoritÃ© et pouvoir Ã©minent auprÃ¨s du Roi, pour obtenir une commission, portant que le trafic de cette riviÃ¨re serait interdit Ã  toutes personnes, sans la permission et consentement de celui qui serait pourvu de la dite commission, Ã  la charge quâ€™ils habiteraient le pays et y feraient une demeure Â».</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Cette personne dâ€™autoritÃ© sera Chauvin en qui le Roi a Â« grande confiance Â». Cet Â« entrepreneur Â», en Ã©change de ce quâ€™il promettait, Â« voulait priver tous les sujets du Royaume de ce trafic et retirer lui seul les castors Â». Dans cette Â« maison de plaisance Â», Ã  lâ€™automne 1600, les hommes sâ€™installent Â« bien chaudement pour leur hiver Â». Les rations sont lÃ , mais lâ€™indiscipline rÃ¨gne. Â« Câ€™Ã©tait la cour du roi PÃ©taud. Chacun voulait commander Â», Ã©crit Champlain. La paresse et la fainÃ©antise les amÃ¨nent Â« rÃ©duits en de grandes nÃ©cessitÃ©s et contraints de sâ€™abandonner aux sauvages qui charitablement les retirÃ¨rent avec eux Â». Lâ€™Ã©pisode est dÃ©solant, mais illustre lâ€™entente de fait rÃ©alisÃ©e avec les Montagnais. Quant au nombre de survivants, le chiffre cinq est hasardeux. En effet, Champlain Ã©crit : Â« les unzes moururent misÃ©rablement, les autres patissants fort attendant le retour des vaisseaux Â». Faut-il lire les Â« onzes Â» ou les Â« uns Â»? Une chose est claire : Champlain connaÃ®t lâ€™Ã©pisode de Chauvin, mais ne lui accorde aucun mÃ©rite. Il lui reproche plutÃ´t de ne pas avoir Ã©coutÃ© Dupont-GravÃ©. Nâ€™est-ce pas grÃ¢ce Ã  ses arguments que le roi lui a accordÃ© sa commission? Champlain ressent un profond devoir de mÃ©moire envers Dupont-GravÃ© de qui il tient, sans aucun doute, cette histoire.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Lâ€™annÃ©e suivante, ajoute Champlain, Chauvin organise Â« un second voyage qui fut aussi fructueux que le premier Â». Autrement dit, les rÃ©sultats furent pitoyables.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">En 1602, Chauvin modifie son approche et cherche Ã  se renflouer avec des chargements de morues. Rien ne fonctionne comme prÃ©vu. Pour sa part, le capitaine Geffin Malhortie ramÃ¨ne deux Indiens de Tadoussac. Chauvin et Dupont-GravÃ© nâ€™ont pas du tout lâ€™intention dâ€™abandonner la partie. Ils prÃ©sentent les deux Montagnais Ã  Henri IV et font valoir lâ€™entente intervenue entre FranÃ§ais et Indiens depuis l600. Toutefois, pour faire face Ã  une concurrence fÃ©roce, ils rÃ©clament un soutien royal.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR"><strong>La rencontre de Dupont-GravÃ© et Champlain</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Ã€ la mÃªme Ã©poque, dans les ports de France, le nom de Champlain est sans doute sur toutes les lÃ¨vres. Son voyage aux colonies espagnoles fait rÃªver plusieurs marins franÃ§ais. Quelques privilÃ©giÃ©s ont pu parcourir le Brief Discours des choses plus remarquables que Samuel Champlain de Brouage a reconnu aux Indes occidentales. Ce rapport a comblÃ© dâ€™aise un Roi tellement dÃ©sireux dâ€™en savoir davantage sur les possessions espagnoles. Philippe II, roi dâ€™Espagne, nâ€™a-t-il pas financÃ© ses guerres avec lâ€™argent et lâ€™or rapportÃ©s dâ€™AmÃ©rique? Outre la morue et la fourrure, le Nord de ce continent ne cache-t-il pas Ã©galement des mines fabuleuses? Il nomme Pierre de Beringhen contrÃ´leur gÃ©nÃ©ral des mines. Lâ€™exploration miniÃ¨re devient Ã  lâ€™ordre du jour, mais ne fait pas oublier les profits que rapportent la morue et le castor.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Partout, lâ€™excitation est grande. Ã€ dÃ©faut de pouvoir se rendre aux Antilles, au Mexique ou en Floride, les marchands de Saint-Malo et de Rouen critiquent le monopole que Henri IV a pris lâ€™habitude dâ€™octroyer Ã  un de ses protÃ©gÃ©s pour lui permettre de financer un dÃ©but de colonisation outre-atlantique.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Au dÃ©but de 1603, une commission dâ€™enquÃªte se rÃ©unit Ã  Rouen pour entendre les protestataires et dÃ©gager des recommandations Ã  lâ€™intention du roi. Le statu quo est finalement maintenu. Le calviniste, Chauvin de Tonnetuit conserve son monopole, câ€™est-Ã -dire que lui seul peut faire la traite des fourrures tant en Acadie quâ€™au Canada. Il meurt toutefois avant de pouvoir organiser une nouvelle expÃ©dition. Aymar de Clermont-Chaste se propose alors pour la succession. RentrÃ© dâ€™une mission spÃ©ciale en Angleterre, il a participÃ© Ã  la commission dâ€™enquÃªte. Il est curieux de connaÃ®tre les possibilitÃ©s de ce monopole. Le Roi lui doit bien cette faveur. Aymar de Chaste se tourne tout naturellement vers le jeune Champlain, devenu indÃ©pendant de fortune par le legs dâ€™un oncle et aurÃ©olÃ© par son mystÃ©rieux voyage.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Il y a fort Ã  parier que le voyage de Champlain aux Indes occidentales rencontrait les souhaits dâ€™Henri IV. Est-ce par hasard que Champlain, Â« pour ne demeurer oisif Â», dÃ©cide dâ€™accompagner son oncle, Guillaume Hellaine, chargÃ© de ramener en Espagne une partie des troupes dâ€™occupation espagnole? Est-ce par hasard ou simple curiositÃ© quâ€™il se joint Ã  une flotte Ã  destination des Antilles et du Mexique? Est-ce pour occuper son temps quâ€™il dresse des croquis et note le parcours suivi? Est-ce tout simplement pour distraire le Roi quâ€™il lui remet son Brief Discours?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Parti de San-Lucar de Barameda en janvier 1599, il est revenu au dÃ©but de mars 1601. Au retour, il trouve son oncle Ã  lâ€™article de la mort. Il hÃ©rite de ses biens, rÃ¨gle la succession et rentre Ã  Paris pour faire rapport. Le Roi est ravi et lui accorde une pension royale de mÃªme que le droit de sÃ©journer Ã  la Cour.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">La proposition dâ€™Aymar de Chaste arrive Ã  point. Champlain accepte dâ€™accompagner le capitaine FranÃ§ois Dupont-GravÃ© qui doit diriger lâ€™expÃ©dition, sous rÃ©serve Â« du commandement de Sa majestÃ© Ã  laquelle, Ã©crit-il, jâ€™Ã©tais obligÃ© tant de naissance que dâ€™une pension de laquelle il mâ€™honorait Â». Câ€™est ainsi que le capitaine Dupont-GravÃ© fut priÃ©, par lettre officielle de Louis Potier, sieur de Gesvre et Â« secrÃ©taire des commandements Â», de prendre Champlain Ã  son bord et de lâ€™assister Â« de ce qui lui serait possible en cette entreprise Â». Champlain, de son cÃ´tÃ©, devra Â« faire fidÃ¨le rapport Â» au Roi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Champlain est dÃ©cidÃ©ment en bonne compagnie; il a trouvÃ© son mentor. En 1599, Dupont-GravÃ© a proposÃ© lâ€™Ã©tablissement dâ€™un poste permanent Ã  Trois-RiviÃ¨res. Son second choix Ã©tait une pointe Ã  proximitÃ© de lâ€™Ã®le dâ€™OrlÃ©ans que les Indiens nommaient QuÃ©becq. Le cartographe Guillaume Levasseur a dâ€™ailleurs bien indiquÃ© ces deux endroits sur sa remarquable carte datÃ©e de 1601. Ã€ noter que Â« Quebecq Â» a remplacÃ© StadaconÃ©. Les Iroquoiens sont dâ€™ailleurs disparus, ce que ne manque pas de souligner Champlain : Â« En ce temps-lÃ  le pays Ã©tait plus peuplÃ© de gens sÃ©dentaires quâ€™il nâ€™est Ã  prÃ©sent. Â» Champlain ne formule pas dâ€™explications. Les historiens ont longtemps cru que les guerres en Ã©taient responsables; aujourdâ€™hui ils sâ€™interrogent plutÃ´t sur lâ€™impact des Ã©pidÃ©mies provoquÃ©es par la prÃ©sence des EuropÃ©ens, soulignant principalement les ravages de la variole. Lâ€™explorateur se limite Ã  tenir pour acquis que Sa MajestÃ© avait Â« le sain dÃ©sir dâ€™y envoyer des peuplades Â».</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR"><strong>1603. Du 15 mars au 24 aoÃ»t. Cours intensif pour Champlain.</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Pour ce voyage de 1603, Dupont-GravÃ© ramÃ¨ne, Ã  bord de la Bonne-RenommÃ©e, deux Indiens qui avaient Ã©tÃ© reÃ§us par Henri IV. La traversÃ©e dure plus de deux mois. On peut supposer que les Ã©changes sont passionnants pour Champlain. Il a tout Ã  apprendre. La barriÃ¨re des langues nâ€™existe pas : les deux Indiens qui avaient voyagÃ© avec Malhortie ,lâ€™annÃ©e prÃ©cÃ©dente, ont certes appris un peu de franÃ§ais et Dupont-GravÃ© parle assez bien leur langue. Ce qui suivra nâ€™est pas le fruit du hasard.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Ã€ leur arrivÃ©e, la population de Tadoussac est en pleine tabagie. Le grand sagamo Anadabijou Ã©coute attentivement les deux Ã©missaires. Le Roi leur a fait Â« bonne rÃ©ception Â»; ils assurent, rapporte Champlain dans son rapport intitulÃ© Des Sauvages et quâ€™il fera publier Â« par privilÃ¨ge du roi Â», dÃ¨s novembre 1603, que Â« sadite MajestÃ© leur voulait du bien et dÃ©sirait peupler leur terre Â». Surtout, ajoutent-ils, Sa MajestÃ© dÃ©sire Â« faire la paix avec leurs ennemis ( qui sont les Iroquois, prÃ©cise Champlain,) ou leur envoyer des forces pour les vaincre Â». Anadabijou a le sens du protocole. Son idÃ©e est arrÃªtÃ©e, mais il fait dâ€™abord distribuer du pÃ©tun (tabac) Ã  Dupont-GravÃ© et Ã  ses compagnons. Â« Ayant bien pÃ©tunÃ©, il commenÃ§a sa harangue [â€¦] fort content dâ€™avoir sadite MajestÃ© pour grand ami [â€¦] et fort aise que sadite MajestÃ© peuplÃ¢t leur terre et fit la guerre Ã  leurs ennemis Â». Les alliances franco-indiennes, amorcÃ©es en 1600, venaient de franchir une nouvelle Ã©tape. Anadabijou et Dupont-GravÃ© avaient jetÃ© les bases de lâ€™AmÃ©rique franÃ§aise. Ce sera lâ€™affaire de Champlain de faire en sorte que cohabitation et mÃ©tissage soient au rendez-vous.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Pendant que la traite se fait en ce dÃ©but de lâ€™Ã©tÃ© 1603, Champlain explore les environs et remonte le Saguenay aussi loin que possible. Les Indiens lui parlent dâ€™un lac important, mais ils refusent de lâ€™y conduire Â« ni aucun de nos gens Â», comme il lâ€™avouera plus tard (1632). Bien plus, Â« lesdits Sauvages du nord disent quâ€™ils voient une mer qui est salÃ©e Â», ajoute-t-il. La dÃ©couverte de cette baie par Henry Hudson sera une des grandes frustrations de Champlain.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Ã€ dÃ©faut dâ€™aller vers le Nord, Champlain se laisse guider jusquâ€™aux rapides Saint-Louis par Dupont-GravÃ©. Tout au long du trajet, il sâ€™extasie devant les Â« riviÃ¨res, rochers, Ã®les, terres, arbres, fruits, vignes et beaux pays qui sont depuis QuÃ©bec jusquâ€™aux Trois-RiviÃ¨res Â». Il partage le point de vue de son guide et compagnon de voyage : Â« ce serait un lieu propre pour habiter et on pourrait le fortifier promptement Â».</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR"><strong>Champlain, le choix de Dugua de Monsâ€¦ ou lâ€™inverse.</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Ã€ leur retour en France (1603), ils apprennent le dÃ©cÃ¨s dâ€™Aymar de Chaste. Fort affligÃ©, Champlain sâ€™inquiÃ¨te et cherche Â« un Seigneur de qui lâ€™autoritÃ© fut capable de repousser lâ€™envie Â». Â« Je sais, poursuit-il, quâ€™aussitÃ´t plusieurs marchands de France qui avaient intÃ©rÃªt en ce nÃ©goce, commenÃ§aient Ã  faire des plaintes de ce quâ€™on leur interdisait le trafic des pelleteries, pour le donner Ã  un seul Â». Il quitte rapidement Honfleur pour aller trouver Sa MajestÃ©, Â« Ã  laquelle je fis voir, raconte-t-il, la carte du dit pays, avec le discours fort particulier que je lui en fis, quâ€™elle eut fort agrÃ©able, promettant de ne laisser ce dessein, mais le faire poursuivre et de le favoriser Â». Â« La Providence ( mais Champlain ne lâ€™a-t-il pas aidÃ©e ?), Ã©crit Jean GlÃ©nisson, lâ€™excellent biographe de Champlain, voulut que le successeur fÃ»t aussi saintongeais : Pierre Dugua de Mons, gouverneur de la place protestante de Pons, vÃ©tÃ©ran, sous la banniÃ¨re royale, - comme Chaste, comme Pont-GravÃ©, comme Champlain lui-mÃªme -, de la campagne de Bretagne, qui, mettant un terme aux guerres civiles, a permis aux FranÃ§ais de reprendre lâ€™exploration du monde Â». Henri IV nâ€™oubliait pas tous ses fidÃ¨les partisans qui lui avaient permis de gagner ses guerres .</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Le Roi a tÃ´t fait de cÃ©der aux dÃ©marches de Dugua de Mons et lui accorde, dâ€™un trait de plume, le fameux monopole contre lâ€™avis de son principal ministre, le duc de Sully, et malgrÃ© les protestations des marchands de Bretagne et de Normandie. On le sait : Dugua de Mons est dÃ©jÃ  allÃ© au Canada, sans dÃ©passer toutefois Tadoussac. Â« Ce peu quâ€™il avait vu, rappelle Champlain en 1632, lui avait fait perdre la volontÃ© dâ€™aller dans le grand fleuve Saint-Laurent Â». Dugua de Mons opte pour lâ€™Acadie, contrÃ©e Â« dâ€™un air plus doux et plus agrÃ©able Â», plus accessible et plus propice Ã  lâ€™agriculture. Aussi ambitieux quâ€™habile, il rÃ©unit des marchands de Rouen, de Saint-Malo, de La Rochelle et de Saint-Jean-de-Luz et forme une puissante compagnie. Le capital ne suffit pas; il mise aussi sur Dupont-GravÃ© et Champlain.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Lâ€™expÃ©rience acadienne sera pÃ©nible; arrivÃ© en juin 1604, le sieur de Mons doit rentrer dÃ¨s 1605. Dupont-GravÃ©, qui a hÃ©ritÃ© du commandement de Port-royal, le rejoint en 1607 de mÃªme que Champlain qui a tout de mÃªme eu le temps dâ€™explorer plus de 2 000 kilomÃ¨tres de cÃ´te.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR"><strong>Dugua Ã©coute Dupont-GravÃ© et Champlain.</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Le bilan dâ€™ensemble nâ€™est pas rose. Les Â« vaines tentatives Â», selon lâ€™expression de lâ€™historien Marcel Trudel, sâ€™additionnent, depuis Jacques Cartier dâ€™ailleurs. Le mauvais sort semble bien donner raison Ã  Sully. Dans une lettre de fÃ©vrier 1608, adressÃ©e au prÃ©sident Jeannin, lâ€™un des protecteurs de Champlain, le ministre se vide le cÅ“ur. Il juge Â« la conservation et possession de telles conquÃªtes [ des Ã©tablissements franÃ§ais en AmÃ©rique], comme trop Ã©loignÃ©es de nous et par consÃ©quent disproportionnÃ©es au naturel et Ã  la cervelle des FranÃ§ais Â». Â« Je reconnais, Ã  mon grand regret, admet-il, nâ€™avoir ni la persÃ©vÃ©rance ni la prÃ©voyance requise pour telles choses Â». Comme sâ€™il voulait se convaincre lui-mÃªme, il ajoute encore Â« que les choses qui demeurent sÃ©parÃ©es de notre corps par des terres ou des mers Ã©trangÃ¨res ne nous seront jamais quâ€™Ã  grand charge et Ã  peu dâ€™utilitÃ© Â».</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Henri IV peut sâ€™appuyer sur Sully pour tout ce qui concerne le royaume, sauf ses projets coloniaux. MÃªme sans budget, le roi sâ€™entÃªte et renouvelle au sieur de Mons son monopole au moins pour un an. Le 7 janvier 1608, un avis est envoyÃ© Ã  tous les agents contrÃ´leurs du royaume de respecter et de faire respecter le monopole commercial accordÃ© au sieur de Mons qui se laisse convaincre de se diriger cette fois vers le Saint-Laurent.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">En avril 1608, Ã  une semaine dâ€™intervalle, Dupont-GravÃ© et Champlain reprennent la mer Ã  destination de Tadoussac. Les Basques les ont prÃ©cÃ©dÃ©s. Dupont-GravÃ© est gravement pris Ã  partie. Champlain se porte Ã  sa dÃ©fense. Il engage le dialogue, calme les esprits. En apparence du moins. Il dÃ©couvrira quelques jours plus tard que les Basques ont eu le temps de soudoyer quatre de ses hommes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Dans ces circonstances, Dupont-GravÃ© peut difficilement sâ€™adonner Ã  la traite et se limite Ã  quelques Ã©changes. DÃ©sireux de soigner la blessure reÃ§ue lors de lâ€™Ã©chauffourÃ©e avec les Basques, il dÃ©cide dâ€™accompagner Champlain vers QuÃ©bec. Car câ€™est bien la destination choisie par ce dernier. Â« Je partis de Tadoussac le dernier du mois [le 30 juin] pour aller Ã  Quebecq Â», Ã©crit-il. Le 3 juillet, il met pied Ã  terre aussitÃ´t Ã  la recherche dâ€™un Â« lieu propre pour notre habitation, mais je nâ€™en peux trouver de plus commode, ni mieux situÃ© que la pointe de Quebecq, ainsi appelÃ© des Sauvages Â». Sans perdre un instant, tous sont au travail : les uns abattent les noyers, dâ€™autres creusent la cave et des fossÃ©s, un autre quitte pour Tadoussac pour Â« aller quÃ©rir nos commoditÃ©s Â». En premier lieu, ils Ã©rigent Â« le magasin pour mettre nos vivres Ã  couvert qui fut promptement fait par la diligence dâ€™un chacun, et le soin que jâ€™en eu Â». Champlain ne perd pas une occasion de se mettre en valeur, mÃªme sâ€™il le fait discrÃ¨tement.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR"><strong>Lâ€™Ã©tablissement de QuÃ©bec est pris au sÃ©rieux par les Basques.</strong></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Il est vrai par ailleurs que Champlain est exigeant autant pour lui-mÃªme que pour les autres. Est-ce la pression quâ€™il met sur ses hommes ou les rÃ©compenses quâ€™ont fait miroiter les Basques qui expliquent un grave complot Â« contre le service du roi Â»? Lâ€™affaire est importante; Champlain sâ€™y attarde longuement dans son ouvrage de 1613,. Les conspirateurs ont tentÃ© de soudoyer le plus grand nombre, Â« mÃªme mon laquais Â», prÃ©cise-t-il, fournissant ainsi un dÃ©tail personnel intÃ©ressant. Un serrurier nommÃ© Antoine Natel se confie au Capitaine TÃªtu qui sâ€™empresse dâ€™en informer Champlain. Natel craint autant la fureur de ce dernier que la rage de ses complices qui ont, ni plus ni moins, planifiÃ© lâ€™assassinat de Champlain.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Un tribunal improvisÃ© condamne le serrurier Jean DuVal Ã  Ãªtre Â« pendu et Ã©tranglÃ© audit QuÃ©becq, et sa tÃªte mise au bout dâ€™une pique pour Ãªtre plantÃ©e au lieu le plus Ã©minent Â». Les trois autres sont confiÃ©s Ã  Dupont-GravÃ© qui les ramÃ¨ne en France Â« entre les mains du sieur de Mons, pour leur Ãªtre fait plus ample justice Â». Paradoxalement, ils Ã©chapperont peut-Ãªtre ainsi Ã  la mort. En effet, le premier hiver passÃ© Ã  QuÃ©bec est dÃ©sastreux : dix hommes meurent du scorbut et cinq de dysenterie.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR"><strong>Qui dit vrai? Tessouat ou Vignau?</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Quelques annÃ©es plus tard, le mauvais sort attend Champlain sur la route de Paris. Un accident lâ€™oblige Ã  quelques semaines de convalescence. Il en profite pour faire le point; il rÃ©dige ses mÃ©moires et prÃ©pare une magnifique carte (1612) avec lâ€™aide du graveur David Pelletier. Il termine son chef-d'Å“uvre quand on lui montre une carte gravÃ©e par Hessel Gerritsz qui prÃ©sente le trajet suivi par Henry Hudson au nord du continent. La voilÃ  donc cette fameuse Â« mer salÃ©e Â» dont les Indiens lui avaient parlÃ© en 1603!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Champlain est piquÃ© au vif. Sans perdre un instant, il retourne Ã  sa table Ã  dessin, reprend les Ã©lÃ©ments de sa carte prÃ©cÃ©dente et ajoute sans hÃ©siter les informations contenues dans la Tabula Nautica de Gerritsz. Câ€™est presque un calque. Le pourtour du continent est le mÃªme, les Ã©chancrures aussi, les Ã®les de la baie sont au mÃªme endroit et ont la mÃªme forme rectangulaire. Mieux encore, Champlain inscrit Â« mare magnum Â» lÃ  oÃ¹ Gerritsz avait Ã©crit Â« Mare magnum ab M Hudsono primum inventum Â». Au fond de la baie, il note Â« the bay wher hudson did winter Â» copiant maladroitement Â« the bay where Hudson did winter Â». Champlain en est lÃ , quand le jeune Nicolas de Vignau, quâ€™il a laissÃ© chez les Algonquins, arrive Ã  Paris, racontant avoir atteint la mer du Nord oÃ¹ il a dâ€™ailleurs aperÃ§u un navire anglais naufragÃ©.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Champlain est secouÃ©. Ce rÃ©cit est plausible, et lâ€™exploit de Hudson lâ€™a excitÃ©. Pendant que lâ€™Ã©diteur prÃ©pare lâ€™Ã©dition de ses voyages, il reprend la route de la Nouvelle-France. Vignau doit le conduire sans tarder Ã  la mer du Nord.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Les Algonquins ne lâ€™entendent pas ainsi et traitent Vignau de menteur. Â« Câ€™est en dormant Â» que tu es allÃ© lÃ -bas, lui lance Tessouat. Â« Tu as rÃªvÃ© ! Â» Le chef indien est si convaincant que Champlain en vient Ã  traiter Vignau Â« de plus impudent menteur qui se soit ouÃ¯ depuis longtemps Â». De retour en France dÃ¨s aoÃ»t 1613, aprÃ¨s une traversÃ©e de 18 jours, Champlain complÃ¨te son Ã©bauche, ajoute une approximative riviÃ¨re des Outaouais, rÃ©dige le rÃ©cit dâ€™un Â« QuatriÃ¨me voyage Â» qui vient sâ€™ajouter aux Â« Voyages Â» dont le montage, sinon lâ€™impression, est dÃ©jÃ  terminÃ©. Ce sera son second ouvrage (1613).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Sâ€™il veut poursuivre ses explorations, Champlain est conscient quâ€™il devra cÃ©der aux demandes de ses alliÃ©s indiens et marcher de nouveau contre les Iroquois. Ã€ lâ€™automne 1615, tout va mal. Champlain est gravement blessÃ©. Il doit hiverner en Huronie. Il se fait ethnographe. Ses observations constitueront la matiÃ¨re de son ouvrage de 1619.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR"><strong>Une succession de patrons. Un seul mentor.</strong></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">De 1608 Ã  1628, les dÃ©tenteurs du monopole se sont succÃ©dÃ© Ã  un rythme inquiÃ©tant. DÃ¨s la fin de lâ€™annÃ©e 1608, le sieur de Mons doit faire son deuil du renouvellement de son monopole : il cherche alors Ã  vendre son habitation de QuÃ©bec, mais il nâ€™abandonne pas pour autant son ami Champlain. En 1610, lâ€™assassinat dâ€™Henri IV prive Champlain de son vrai protecteur. Dans une tentative de rÃ©crÃ©er un nouveau rÃ©seau dâ€™influence, on arrange son mariage avec HÃ©lÃ¨ne BoullÃ© dont le pÃ¨re est huissier Ã  la Cour. Parmi tout ce beau monde, y compris les associÃ©s des diverses compagnies qui se forment, les protestants dominent. Ils font lâ€™erreur de nÃ©gliger le peuplement et tentent plutÃ´t de tirer leur Ã©pingle du jeu avec la traite. Le duc de Richelieu qui a eu maille Ã  partir avec eux Ã  La Rochelle sâ€™en mÃ©fie et profite des statuts de la Compagnie des Cent-AssociÃ©s quâ€™il met en place Ã  partir de 1627 pour les exclure comme colons possibles. Ils peuvent commercer, mais non hiverner!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Avec lâ€™arrivÃ©e de Richelieu et la crÃ©ation de la compagnie des Cent-AssociÃ©s, Champlain peut reprendre espoir. Au printemps 1629, un convoi conduit par Claude de Roquemont apporte du ravitaillement et prÃ¨s de 400 colons. Du jamais vu. Champlain joue de malchance. Un nouveau conflit a Ã©clatÃ© entre la France et lâ€™Angleterre. Des corsaires Ã  la solde de lâ€™Angleterre veulent en profiter pour sâ€™emparer de la traite sur le Saint-Laurent. Roquemont tombe dans les filets des frÃ¨res Kirke. MÃªme sâ€™il avait un grand besoin du ravitaillement saisi, Champlain rÃ©siste. Il rendra finalement QuÃ©bec en juillet 1629, plus de deux mois aprÃ¨s la signature du traitÃ© de Suse (24 avril 1629).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">RamenÃ© en Angleterre par les Kirke, Champlain se prÃ©cipite chez lâ€™ambassadeur ChÃ¢teauneuf et le convainc dâ€™exiger la rÃ©trocession de la Nouvelle-France. Charles 1er, roi dâ€™Angleterre, acquiesce, au grand dÃ©sespoir des Kirke. Mais Ã  quoi correspond le territoire en cause? Champlain lâ€™expliquera en long et en large dans un nouvel ouvrage publiÃ© en 1632 dans lequel il reprend ses prÃ©cÃ©dents (1603, 1613 et 1619) en les modifiant ici et lÃ  et en les complÃ©tant du rÃ©cit des Ã©vÃ©nements survenus depuis 1620, annÃ©e au cours de laquelle il avait amenÃ© sa femme aprÃ¨s avoir rÃ©ussi Ã  dÃ©jouer une tentative de lâ€™exclure du commandement de QuÃ©bec menÃ©e par Daniel Boyer, un farouche opposant Ã  tout monopole de traite.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Comble dâ€™ironie, ses opposants avaient voulu lui substituer Dupont-GravÃ© Ã  la tÃªte de la colonie.Champlain proteste : Â« Que pour le Sieur du Pont, jâ€™Ã©tais son ami et son Ã¢ge me le ferait respecter comme mon pÃ¨re : mais de consentir quâ€™on lui donnÃ¢t ce qui mâ€™appartenait par droit et raison, je ne le souffrirais point Â».</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Champlain et Dupont-GravÃ© seront des insÃ©parables jusquâ€™Ã  la fin. Le 19 juillet 1629, les Kirke soumettent les articles de la capitulation de QuÃ©bec aux Â« sieurs de Champlain et du Pont Â». Ce dernier est malade. Champlain a cherchÃ© Ã  lui Ã©viter ces heures pÃ©nibles de privation et dâ€™humiliation. Il a voulu lâ€™envoyer en un lieu moins exposÃ©. Soutenu par son petit fils dâ€™une douzaine dâ€™annÃ©es Ã©galement prÃ©nommÃ© FranÃ§ois et le plus souvent alitÃ©, Dupont-GravÃ© ne veut pas quitter le fort Saint-Louis. Il sait trÃ¨s bien que lui seul est responsable du parcours de Champlain depuis 1603. Il lui a tout appris du Saint-Laurent et de ses habitants</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Le nom Quebecq, câ€™est lui qui lâ€™a recueilli auprÃ¨s des Indiens. Câ€™est lui qui lâ€™a transmis Ã  Guillaume Levasseur. Qui dâ€™autres aurait pu le faire? Câ€™est lui qui a fait connaÃ®tre Ã  Champlain le site de QuÃ©bec, qui lui a fait connaÃ®tre ceux de Trois-RiviÃ¨res et dâ€™Hochelaga. Câ€™est grÃ¢ce Ã  lui que Champlain a pu cartographier des milliers de kilomÃ¨tres de cÃ´te. Câ€™est de lui que Champlain a reÃ§u les fondements dâ€™alliances franco-indiennes essentielles Ã  la naissance de lâ€™AmÃ©rique franÃ§aise.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">FranÃ§ois Dupont-GravÃ© est certainement celui qui a fait le plus de traversÃ©es de lâ€™Atlantique Ã  cette Ã©poque. Il a montrÃ© la voie Ã  son fils Robert, un caractÃ¨re difficile dont le pÃ¨re Biard admirait Â« la grande vigueur physique et intellectuelle Â» et Ã  son gendre Claude Godet Des Maretz qui sera frÃ©quemment aux cÃ´tÃ©s de Champlain Ã  partir de 1609. Les historiens ont surtout retenu quâ€™il nâ€™avait osÃ© affronter les Iroquois, incident que Champlain ne relatera quâ€™aprÃ¨s la mort de ce dernier.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Le dernier mot revient au frÃ¨re Sagard : Dupont-GravÃ© Ã©tait Â« jovial de son naturel Â», Ã©crit-il. Il aimait Â« boire un bon coup sans eau Â» au risque de se plaindre peu aprÃ¨s de Â« la douleur de ses gouttes Â».</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR"><strong>Enfin, les premiers pionniers.</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Champlain est de retour Ã  QuÃ©bec en 1633. Il doit reconstruire lâ€™habitation et les dÃ©pendances de mÃªme que ses installations de Cap-Tourmente. Il commande un Ã©tablissement Ã  Trois-RiviÃ¨res et prÃ©pare celui de MontrÃ©al. Il a dÃ©jÃ  Ã  lâ€™esprit la formation de trois Â« gouvernements Â». Ã€ sa mort, le 25 dÃ©cembre 1635, les bases de la colonie sont bien modestes mais tout de mÃªme en place; elles lui survivront. Il aura eu aussi lâ€™extrÃªme satisfaction de voir arriver du Perche, Robert Giffard et Nicolas Juchereau. Tous deux seront dâ€™efficaces recruteurs de colons dÃ©fricheurs dont Jean Guyon et Zacharie Cloutier qui comptent aujourdâ€™hui des dizaines de milliers de descendants. Cette immigration percheronne contribuera largement Ã  favoriser lâ€™implantation de la langue franÃ§aise en AmÃ©rique.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">P.S. Au cours des derniÃ¨res annÃ©es, Grenon, Liebel, Binot, plus rÃ©cemment Mathieu Dâ€™Avignon, ont voulu rÃ©habiliter la mÃ©moire de Dugua de Mons. Le fondateur de lâ€™Acadie est presque devenu celui de QuÃ©bec. Aujourdâ€™hui, jâ€™en propose un autre : Dupont-GravÃ©. Il a le mÃ©rite dâ€™Ãªtre venu. Il est probablement celui qui a relevÃ© le nom Quebecq, il a fait connaÃ®tre lâ€™endroit Ã  Champlain, il lâ€™a initiÃ© aux bonnes relations avec les Indiens, il a ravitaillÃ© sans relÃ¢che la colonie, encouragÃ© les siens Ã  sâ€™impliquer, maintenu les liens commerciaux et persistÃ© jusquâ€™Ã  la limite de ses capacitÃ©s.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Au dÃ©part, jâ€™ai voulu prÃ©senter le tandem Dupont-GravÃ©/Champlain, au fur et Ã  mesure que mes travaux progressaient, il mâ€™est apparu quâ€™il me fallait plutÃ´t prÃ©senter Dupont-GravÃ© comme le mentor de Champlain, celui qui a guidÃ© et accompagnÃ© le fondateur.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:28.3pt 56.65pt 85.0pt 113.35pt 141.7pt 170.05pt 198.4pt 226.75pt 255.1pt 283.45pt 311.8pt 340.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Helvetica;mso-ansi-language:FR" xml:lang="FR">Pour ma part, je dois beaucoup Ã  Ã‰ric Thierry qui vient de publier chez HonorÃ© Champion <em>La France de Henri IV en AmÃ©rique du Nord</em> (De la crÃ©ation de lâ€™Acadie Ã  la fondation de QuÃ©bec).</span></p><!--EndFragment-->
<!--EndFragment-->
]]></description>
         <link>http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2008/08/champlain_et_dupont_grave_en_c.php</link>
         <guid>http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2008/08/champlain_et_dupont_grave_en_c.php</guid>
         <category></category>
         <pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2008 12:12:05 -0500</pubDate>
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